Industrial fermentation
| Technology | |
| |
| Technology details | |
| Name: | Industrial fermentation |
| Category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| Feedstock: | Garden and park waste, food waste |
| Product: | Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols) |
Industrial fermentation is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.
Feedstock
Composition and origin
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:
Lignocellulose and cellulose
Lignocellulose is present in garden and park waste. Cellulose is present in food waste such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via hydrolysis, which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.
Starch
Starch is present in food waste such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic hydrolysis.
Oils and Fat
Oils and fats are present in food waste such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.
Dairy waste
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.
Sugars
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.
Pre-treatment
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a size reduction step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., centrifugation, filtration, evaporation or crystallization.
In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.
Process and technologies
Microorganisms
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
Equipment
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:
- an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
- a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
- a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
- sampling ports
- addition ports
- a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
Operating conditions
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.
Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare [1].
Scale-up of industrial fermentations
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
Product
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.
Biomass
- Single Cell Protein
- Single Cell Oil
- Baker's yeast
- Lactic acid bacteria
Bioproducts
Enzymes
- Proteases
- Lipases
- Amylases
- Cellulases
- Peroxidases
Biopolymers
- Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran
Organic acids
- Acetic acid
- Lactic acid
- Citric acid
- Tartaric acid
- Fumaric acid
Alcohols
- Ethanol
- Butanol
- Glycerol
- Butanediol
Solvents
- Acetone
Pharmaceuticals
- Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
- Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
- Hormones
Biocolorants
- cartenoids
- astaxanthins
Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers
- glycolipids
- rhamnolipids
Amino-acids
- monosodium glutamate (MSG)
- Lysine
- Tryptophan
- Phenylalanine
Post-treatment
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as downstream processing (DSP), is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as centrifugation or membrane filtration. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. homogenisation, grinding, sonication, microwave treatment, steam explosion) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, enzymatic destruction). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including chromatography, solvent extraction, crystallization, distillation, drying etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.
Technology providers
| Company name | Country | Technology subcategory | Technology name | TRL | Capacity [kg/h] | Feedstock: Food waste | Feedstock: Garden & park waste |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amphi-Star | Belgium | - | BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform | 1-7 | - | ● | |
| Avecom | Belgium | - | PROMIC | 4-7 | - | ● | |
| Blucon Biotech GmbH | Germany | - | Industrial Fermentation | 4-5 | - | ● | ● |
| Cetaqua Galicia | Spain | - | TCP (The Carboxylic Platform) | 7 | 0.43-0.63 | ● | ● |
| Holiferm | United Kingdom | - | Fermentation intensification and in-line separation | 1-9 | - | ● | |
| Nature's Principles | The Netherlands | - | Biorefinery | 5-6 | - | ● | ● |
| Nosh.bio | Germany | - | Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry | 5 | - | ● | ● |
| NovelYeast bv | Belgium | - | Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production | 3-5 | - | ● | ● |
| PERSEO Biotechnology SL | Spain | - | PERSEO Bioethanol ® | 7-8 | 1000 | ● | ● |
| Sophie's BioNutrients | The Netherlands | - | Fermentation of microalgae | 6 | - | ● |
Amphi-Star
| General information | |||
| Company: | AmphiStar |
| |
| Country: | Belgium | ||
| Contact: | [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://www.amphistar.be | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 1-7 | Capacity: | kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | Yes | Agitator: | Rushton |
| Biosafety level: | 1 | Controlled parameters: | Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc. |
| Microorganism: | Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain |
Reactor material: | Glass or stainless steel |
| Other: | |||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass | Product: | Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids |
AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast Starmerella bombicola, producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.
Avecom
| General information | |||
| Company: | Avecom | 
| |
| Country: | Belgium | ||
| Contact: | [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://www.avecom.be | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | PROMIC | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 4-7 | Capacity: | kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | Agitator: | ||
| Biosafety level: | Controlled parameters: | ||
| Microorganism: | Reactor material: | ||
| Other: | |||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry | Product: | Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass |
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.
Blucon Biotech GmbH
| General information | |||
| Company: | BluCon Biotech GmbH | 
| |
| Country: | Germany | ||
| Contact: | Dr. Stefan Verseck; [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://blucon-biotech.com | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Industrial Fermentation | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 4-5 | Capacity: | not relevant kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | no (anaerobic process) | Agitator: | not relevant |
| Biosafety level: | Non-GMO | Controlled parameters: | not relevant |
| Microorganism: | thermophilic bacteria | Reactor material: | not relevant |
| Other: | not relevant | ||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Variety of feedstock materials from agriculture, like grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks) or from industrial processes ( cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp&paper production, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), beet pulp) | Product: | Produkt L-lactic acid (polymer grade) |
BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel-based plastics.
To reduce significantly the production costs low-cost raw materials are used, (e.g., cellulosic waste) and a sustainable process which most efficiently converts these feedstocks to the product, L-lactic acid (2nd generation L-lactic acid). Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. BluCon Biotech GmbH now drives the commercialization of this technology by modern strain and bioprocess engineering.
The unique technology of BluCon Biotech GmbH enables consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks to L-lactic acid using thermophilic bacteria in a one step process. Our aim is to exclusively use cheap non-food cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock and to create a 2nd generation L-lactic acid process, thus to convert waste to value.
Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.
Cetaqua Galicia
| General information | |||
| Company: | Cetaqua Galicia | 
| |
| Country: | Spain | ||
| Contact: | [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://www.cetaqua.com/ | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | TCP (The Carboxylic Platform) | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 7 | Capacity: | 0.43 - 0.63 kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | No (Anaerobic technology) | Agitator: | Pitched blade agitator |
| Biosafety level: | 1 | Controlled parameters: | Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture. |
| Microorganism: | Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled) | Reactor material: | Stainless steel |
| Other: | |||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Seawage sludge or urban biowaste | Product: | Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid. |
Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.
Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.
Holiferm
| General information | |||
| Company: | Holiferm | 
| |
| Country: | United Kingdom | ||
| Contact: | Joana Pereira ([email protected]) | ||
| Webpage: | https://holiferm.com/ | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Fermentation intensification and in-line separation | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 1-9 | Capacity: | Lab scale to pilot (600 L) kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic | Agitator: | Rushton |
| Biosafety level: | Up to biosafety level 2 | Controlled parameters: | Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc. |
| Microorganism: | Bacteria and yeast | Reactor material: | Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial) |
| Other: | https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/ | ||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Vegetable oil and sugar streams | Product: | Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future) |
Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.
Nature's Principles
| General information | |||
| Company: | Nature’s Principles B.V. | 
| |
| Country: | The Netherlands | ||
| Contact: | ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer [email protected] +31 6 3972 3401 | ||
| Webpage: | https://naturesprinciples.eu/ | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Biorefinery | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 5-6 | Capacity: | >100 m3 fermentor volume kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | not disclosed | Agitator: | Not disclosed |
| Biosafety level: | not disclosed | Controlled parameters: | Not to be given |
| Microorganism: | not disclosed | Reactor material: | Not disclosed |
| Other: | Looking for feedstock providers | ||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.) | Product: | L-lactic acid and other organic acids |
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.
Nosh.bio
| General information | |||
| Company: | Nosh.bio | .png&filetimestamp=20221114100445&)
| |
| Country: | Germany | ||
| Contact: | [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://www.nosh.bio/ | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 5 | Capacity: | Not disclosed kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | Yes | Agitator: | Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift) |
| Biosafety level: | 1 | Controlled parameters: | Not disclosed |
| Microorganism: | Filamentous fungi | Reactor material: | Not disclosed |
| Other: | |||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Several | Product: | High quality functional microbial biomass |
Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
NovelYeast bv
| General information | |||
| Company: | NovelYeast bv |
| |
| Country: | Belgium | ||
| Contact: | [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/ | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 3-5 | Capacity: | Lab-scale kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | Aerobic, semi-anaerobic | Agitator: | Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring |
| Biosafety level: | BSL-1 | Controlled parameters: | Standard parameters |
| Microorganism: | Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma | Reactor material: | Glass |
| Other: | Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology | ||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | 1G and 2G feedstocks | Product: | Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals |
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide. Specific industrial yeast strains are available from NovelYeast for the production of 2G bioethanol with lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates, the production of 1G 2,3-butanediol with first-generation sugars, the production of 1G isobutanol with first-generation sugars, the production of 2G isobutanol with lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates, the production of 1G bioethanol with molasses, the production of lactic acid with first-generation substrates, the production of isomaltulose with sucrose as substrate. Other yeast strains are in development.
PERSEO Biotechnology SL
| General information | |||
| Company: | PERSEO Biotechnology SL | 
| |
| Country: | Spain | ||
| Contact: | [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://www.perseobiotech.com/ | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | PERSEO Bioethanol ® | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 7 - 8 | Capacity: | 1000 kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions. | Agitator: | Vertical stirrers |
| Biosafety level: | High, no dangerous biological material used. | Controlled parameters: | Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen. |
| Microorganism: | Yeasts and bacteria | Reactor material: | Stainless steel |
| Other: | not applicable | ||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.) | Product: | Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct |
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.
PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.
PERSEO Bioethanol® (http://www.perseobiotech.com) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into advanced bioethanol, to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other bioproducts with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).
PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an integrated biorefinery. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly improving the economic and environmental results of waste management.
Sophie's BioNutrients (sophiesbionutrients)
| General information | |||
| Company: | Sophie's BioNutrients | 
| |
| Country: | Netherlands | ||
| Contact: | Eugene Wang; [email protected] | ||
| Webpage: | https://sophiesbionutrients.com | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Fermentation of microalgae | Technology category: | Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies) |
| TRL: | 6 | Capacity: | not relevant kg·h-1 |
| Aeration: | not relevant | Agitator: | not relevant |
| Biosafety level: | 1 | Controlled parameters: | not relevant |
| Microorganism: | chlorella vulgaris | Reactor material: | not relevant |
| Other: | https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/ | ||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | spent grains, okara, molasses | Product: | Chlorella Protein Concentrate |
The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.
Open access pilot and demo facility providers
Patents
Currently no patents have been identified.
References
- ↑ Y. Chisti, 2014: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition). Science Direct, {{{place}}}.