Hybrid processing

Hybrid processing covers processes that can be utilised in both primary processing and secondary processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

• Biocatalytic conversion
  • Enzymatic conversion (in vitro)
  • Fungal conversion
  • Microbial conversion

Separation processes and technologies

• Physicomechanical separations
  • Centrifugation
  • Filtration
    • Membrane Filtration
    • Pressure filtration
    • Ultrafiltration
  • Sieving
• Physicochemical separations
  • Chromatography
  • Dialysis
  • Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
  • Distillation
  • Drying
    • Air drying
    • Nitrogen drying
    • Freeze drying
    • Thermal drying
    • Vacuum drying
  • Extraction
    • Acid treatment
    • Alkali treatment
  • Extrusion
  • Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)
    • Asymmatric flow FFF (AF4)
    • Centrifugal FFF
    • Electrical FFF
    • Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT)
    • Thermal FFF
  • Integrated hydroxyl radicals and hot water pre-treatment (IHRWT)