Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Enzymatic processes

2021-09-24T13:37:39Z

Saverio Niglio:

'''Enzymes''' (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts).<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Enzyme|e-pub date=|date accessed=24-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme}}</ref>

In terms of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, enzymes find two main applications: i) biomass pretreatment, and ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis.

Enzymatic pretreatment

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition ([[Primary processing]]).

References<references />

Enzymatic processes

2021-09-24T13:21:48Z

Saverio Niglio:

Primary processing

2021-09-24T13:05:33Z

Saverio Niglio:

<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Aeration]]
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Insect farming]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]

== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid|Acid]]
**[[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]

== Hybrid processes and technologies ==

*[[Pulping]]
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Thermal expansion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]

[[Category:Primary processing|!]]

Hydrolysis

2021-09-24T13:05:16Z

Saverio Niglio:

<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars, where hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose is sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Acid ===
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>
=== Alkali ===
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

=== Salt ===
Hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or sulphite salts.

==== Metals salts ====
Acid hydrolysis can be stimulated by the addition of '''metal chlorides'''. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, and zinc can be used to increase the sugar yield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

==== Sulphite salt ====
No details on sulphite salt hydrolysis given yet.

=== Solvent ===
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to arganosolv pulping, but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

==== Organosolv ====
In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0" />

== Product ==
No product description given yet.

== Technology providers ==
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|+'''Technology comparison'''
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! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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| [Country HQ location]
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| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Patents ==
No patents identified yet.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]

Enzymatic processes

2021-09-24T13:04:51Z

Saverio Niglio:

Enzymatic processes

Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition ([[Primary processing]]).

Enzymatic processes

2021-09-24T13:04:12Z

Saverio Niglio: Created page with "Enzymatic processes"

Enzymatic processes

Primary processing

2021-09-24T13:02:09Z

Saverio Niglio: /* Biochemical processes and technologies */

<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Aeration]]
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Insect farming]]
*Enzymatic processes

== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid|Acid]]
**[[Hydrolysis|Enzyme]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]

== Hybrid processes and technologies ==

*[[Pulping]]
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Thermal expansion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]

[[Category:Primary processing|!]]

Primary processing

2021-09-24T12:57:00Z

Saverio Niglio: /* Chemical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing) */

<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Aeration]]
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Insect farming]]

== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid|Acid]]
**[[Hydrolysis|Enzyme]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]

== Hybrid processes and technologies ==

*[[Pulping]]
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Thermal expansion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]

[[Category:Primary processing|!]]

Primary processing

2021-09-24T12:51:31Z

Saverio Niglio:

<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Aeration]]
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Insect farming]]

== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|Acid Acid]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]

== Hybrid processes and technologies ==

*[[Pulping]]
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Thermal expansion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]

[[Category:Primary processing|!]]

Primary processing

2021-09-24T12:51:05Z

Saverio Niglio:

<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Aeration]]
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Insect farming]]

== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|Acid Acid]]
**[[Enzyme]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]

== Hybrid processes and technologies ==

*[[Pulping]]
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Thermal expansion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]

[[Category:Primary processing|!]]

Primary processing

2021-09-24T12:50:00Z

Saverio Niglio: /* Chemical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing) */

<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Aeration]]
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Insect farming]]

== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|Acid Acid]]
**Enzyme
** [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]

== Hybrid processes and technologies ==

*[[Pulping]]
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==

* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Thermal expansion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]

[[Category:Primary processing|!]]

Hydrolysis

2021-09-24T12:44:05Z

Saverio Niglio:

<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars, where hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose is sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Acid ===
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>
=== Enzyme ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition ([[Primary processing]]).
=== Alkali ===
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

=== Salt ===
Hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or sulphite salts.

==== Metals salts ====
Acid hydrolysis can be stimulated by the addition of '''metal chlorides'''. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, and zinc can be used to increase the sugar yield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

==== Sulphite salt ====
No details on sulphite salt hydrolysis given yet.

=== Solvent ===
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to arganosolv pulping, but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

==== Organosolv ====
In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0" />

== Product ==
No product description given yet.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Patents ==
No patents identified yet.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]

Hydrolysis

2021-09-24T12:37:55Z

Saverio Niglio: /* Enzyme */

<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars, where hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose is sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Acid ===
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>
=== Enzyme ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Combined pretreatments of coffee silverskin to enhance fermentable sugar yield|year=2020-12-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|volume=10|issue=4|page=1237–1249|doi=10.1007/s13399-019-00498-y}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition ([[Primary processing]]).
=== Alkali ===
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

=== Salt ===
Hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or sulphite salts.

==== Metals salts ====
Acid hydrolysis can be stimulated by the addition of '''metal chlorides'''. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, and zinc can be used to increase the sugar yield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

==== Sulphite salt ====
No details on sulphite salt hydrolysis given yet.

=== Solvent ===
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to arganosolv pulping, but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

==== Organosolv ====
In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0" />

== Product ==
No product description given yet.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Patents ==
No patents identified yet.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]

Hydrolysis

2021-09-24T12:25:40Z

Saverio Niglio: Addition of enzymatic hydrolysis section

<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars, where hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose is sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Acid ===
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>
=== Enzyme ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition (link).
=== Alkali ===
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

=== Salt ===
Hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or sulphite salts.

==== Metals salts ====
Acid hydrolysis can be stimulated by the addition of '''metal chlorides'''. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, and zinc can be used to increase the sugar yield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

==== Sulphite salt ====
No details on sulphite salt hydrolysis given yet.

=== Solvent ===
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to arganosolv pulping, but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

==== Organosolv ====
In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0" />

== Product ==
No product description given yet.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
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=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Patents ==
No patents identified yet.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]