https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Lars+KrauseTech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]2026-05-13T18:40:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.36.0-rc.0https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4496Gas fermentation2025-02-21T06:58:09Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 5<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=https://www.norceresearch.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant|Image=NORCE_Logo.png}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4495Gas fermentation2025-02-21T06:57:43Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 5<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=https://www.norceresearch.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant|Image=Image:NORCE_Logo.png}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=File:NORCE_Logo.png&diff=4494File:NORCE Logo.png2025-02-21T06:54:57Z<p>Lars Krause: Uploaded a work by NORCE Norwegian Research Center from https://www.norceresearch.no/ with UploadWizard</p>
<hr />
<div>=={{int:filedesc}}==<br />
{{Information<br />
|description={{en|1=NORCE Logo}}<br />
|date=2025-02-21<br />
|source=https://www.norceresearch.no/<br />
|author=NORCE Norwegian Research Center<br />
|permission=<br />
|other versions=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=={{int:license-header}}==<br />
{{logo}}<br />
<br />
This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Logo]]<br />
[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4493Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:59:09Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 5<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=https://www.norceresearch.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4492Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:58:00Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 5<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=www.norce.no|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4491Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:55:15Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 5<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4490Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:53:16Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Norway<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4489Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:51:51Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#NORCE Norwegian Research Center|NORCE Norwegian Research Center]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4488Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:50:45Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4487Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:47:43Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4486Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:46:39Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4485Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:46:07Z<p>Lars Krause: /* NORCE Norwegian Research Center */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=NORCE Norwegian Research Center|Country=Norway|Contact=mailto:cabo@norceresearch.no|Webpage=http://www.norce.no/|Technology name=Gas fermentation|Capacity=15-1000 L|TRL=5|pH=6|Pressure=1-6|Temperature=60|Feedstock=CO2, H2|Product=Acetic acid}}<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Gas_fermentation&diff=4484Gas fermentation2025-02-20T13:39:47Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, methane)<br />
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers<br />
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Feedstock==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>4</sub>) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas. <br />
<br />
== Process and technologies==<br />
=== Production organisms ===<br />
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]<br />
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO<sub>2</sub> using H<sub>2</sub> as the electron donor and O<sub>2</sub> as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). <br />
<br />
=== Fermentation technology ===<br />
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref><br />
# accumulation or generation of syngas<br />
#gas pretreatment<br />
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor<br />
#product separation.<br />
<br />
In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor. <br />
<br />
After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Product==<br />
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:<br />
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation<br />
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process<br />
<br />
==Technology providers==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO<sub>2</sub><br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Power To Protein<br />
| 6<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gas fermentation#Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant .28BBEPP.29|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)]]<br />
| Belgium<br />
| -<br />
| Gas fermentation<br />
| 3-5<br />
| -<br />
|15-65<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gas fermentation#Universidade La Coru.C3.B1a - BIOENGIN group|Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group]]<br />
|Spain<br />
| -<br />
|Bioconversion/fermentation process<br />
|1-6<br />
| -<br />
|10-70<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Avecom ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}<br />
<br />
Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.<br />
<br />
[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.<br />
<br />
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter <br />
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium|Technology name=gas fermentation|Capacity=1l, 10l, 24l, 150l|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=5-10 barg|Other=24l and 150l available as containerized mobile gas fermentation demo unit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.<br />
<br />
BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO<sub>2</sub>-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and renewable H<sub>2</sub> are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).<br />
<br />
=== NORCE Norwegian Research Center ===<br />
The Industrial Biotechnology group at NORCE has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactions for valorization of waste streams, bioconversion, and greenhouse gas utilization, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale. Most recently, we have been responsible for establishing the <2000L scale demonstration of a circular two-step fermentation converting CO2 and H2 to acetate in the first fermentation and then converting that acetate to acetone in a second fermentation, as part of the EU Horizon 2020 PyroCO2 project.<br />
<br />
=== Universidade La Coruña - BIOENGIN group ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Universidade Da Coruña - BIOENGIN group|Country=Spain|Contact=Prof. Christian Kennes<br />
Kennes@udc.es|Webpage=http://bioengingroup.es|Technology name=Bioconversion/fermentation process|Capacity=not relevant|TRL=1-6|Atmosphere=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=10 - 70|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=CO2, CO, syngas (CO, H2, CO2, N2), industrial emissions (e.g., steel industry, refinery, biogas plant)|Product=Ethanol, Butanol, Hexanol, Carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic), Lactic acid, Formic acid, Biopolymers (PHA, PHB), 2,3-Butanediol, Acetone, Proteins (SCP)|Image=Logo_Universidade_de_Coruna.png}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennes C and Veiga MC|year=2013|editor=Kennes C and Veiga MC|book_title=Air pollution prevention and control : bioreactors and bioenergy, 549 pp,|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=Chichester, United Kingdom|ISBN=978-1-119-94331-0}}</ref>BIOENGIN group at UDC has been working for more than a decade on the optimization of many different kinds of bioreactors for gas treatment and bioconversion, both at lab-scale and at pilot/industrial-scale (conventional stirred tank fermentors, biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, airlift bioreactors, etc.) (Kennes and Veiga, 2013). Over the recent past it has been largely been developing and optimizing bioreactors for CO2, CO and syngas fermentation, both with native and engineered pure cultures as well as with mixed consortia.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Pyrolysis&diff=4467Pyrolysis2023-08-01T12:04:12Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)<br />
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas<br />
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement).</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" /><br />
!Feedstock:<br />
!Corn stover<br />
!Switchgrass<br />
!Wood<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Moisture<br />
|8.0<br />
|9.8<br />
|42.0<br />
|-<br />
|Ash<br />
|6.9<br />
|8.1<br />
|2.3<br />
|-<br />
|Volatile matter<br />
|69.7<br />
|69.1<br />
|47.8<br />
|-<br />
|Fixed carbon<br />
|15.4<br />
|12.9<br />
|7.9<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Carbon<br />
|49.7<br />
|50.7<br />
|51.5<br />
|-<br />
|Hydrogen<br />
|5.91<br />
|6.32<br />
|4.71<br />
|-<br />
|Oxygen<br />
|42.6<br />
|41.0<br />
|40.9<br />
|-<br />
|Nitrogen<br />
|0.97<br />
|0.83<br />
|1.06<br />
|-<br />
|Sulphur<br />
|0.11<br />
|0.21<br />
|0.12<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorine<br />
|0.28<br />
|0.22<br />
|0.02<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Cellulose<br />
|36.3<br />
|44.8<br />
|38.3<br />
|-<br />
|Hemicellulose<br />
|23.5<br />
|35.3<br />
|33.4<br />
|-<br />
|Lignin<br />
|17.5<br />
|11.9<br />
|25.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:<br />
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)<br />
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)<br />
* [[Steam explosion]]<br />
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)<br />
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)<br />
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]<br />
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]<br />
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)<br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.<br />
<br />
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:<br />
<br />
# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C<br />
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage<br />
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals<br />
<br />
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===<br />
<br />
* Fast pyrolysis<br />
* Intermediate pyrolysis<br />
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===<br />
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:<br />
<br />
* Catalytic cracking<br />
** One-step process<br />
** Two-step process<br />
* Hydrocracking<br />
* Thermal cracking<br />
* Thermal depolymerisation<br />
<br />
=== Reactions ===<br />
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.<br />
<br />
=== Char ===<br />
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]<br />
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas. <br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis oil ===<br />
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]<br />
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.<br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis gas ===<br />
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
<br />
* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]<br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Groningen<br />
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
|5-6<br />
|10<br />
|Zeolite<br />
| -<br />
|450-650<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Hengelo<br />
|Fast Pyrolysis<br />
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
|8-9<br />
|5,000<br />
| None<br />
| Rotating Cone<br />
|400-550<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#Splainex Ecosystems|Splainex Ecosystems]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Rijswijk<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Waste pyrolysis industrial plants<br />
|7-9<br />
|65,000<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|400-700<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland]]<br />
|Finland<br />
|Espoo<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Pyrolysis technology<br />
|6<br />
|154<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===BioBTX ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.<br />
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 5-6<br />
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil<br />
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases<br />
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = 1-4<br />
| Capacity = 10<br />
| Temperature = 450-650<br />
| Catalyst = Zeolite <br />
| Other = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.<br />
<br />
The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.<br />
<br />
=== BTG Bioliquids===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = BTG Bioliquids<br />
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 8-9<br />
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis<br />
| Feedstock = Woody biomass<br />
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)<br />
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = n.a.<br />
| Capacity = 5,000<br />
| Temperature = 400-550<br />
| Catalyst = None<br />
|Contact=mark.richters@btg-bioliquids.com|Image=Btg-bioliquids.png}}<br />
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]<br />
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on converting biomass residues into Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. In addition 2 FPBO-plants in Scandinavia are in commercial production at Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and Pyrocell in Sweden. Several other customer projects are under discussion in Europe and North America.<br />
<br />
=== Splainex Ecosystems ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=Splainex Ecosystems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.splainex.com|Contact=www.splainex.com/pyrolysis-company-contact.html|Technology name=Waste pyrolysis industrial plants|TRL=7-9|Capacity=65,000|Atmosphere=Inert|Temperature=400-700|Feedstock=MSW, RDF, Sewage sludge, Wooden biomass|Product=Pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, biochar, energy|Image=Splainex.jpg}}<br />
In 2007 Splainex Ecosystems was founded originating from Splainex which was founded in 1994. The main focus of the company is the design and supply of pyrolysis plants, focussing on the pyrolysis unit equipment i.e. pyrolysis furnace, combustion chamber for energy recovery, char cooler. Quality equipment is supplied by their German partners. Offered services include project initiation/feasibility study, design and engineering, equipment fabrication and procurement, factory acceptance testing, packing and shipment, supply, on-site assistance with construction, commissioning, and start-up. Turn-key project delivery is also possible (mostly limited to Europe).<br />
<br />
===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|Country=Finland|Webpage=www.vttresearch.com|Technology name=Pyrolysis technology|TRL=6|Capacity=154|Atmosphere=Inert|Feedstock=Biomass waste|Product=Pyrolysis oil, wax, char|Image=VTT-logo.png|Contact=www.vttresearch.com/en/about-us/contact-us}}<br />
The VTT Technical Research Centre is a non-profit organisation owned and controlled by the state. The strategy is to support businesses and society to work on global challenges through research, innovation, and information. The research centre covers a wide range of topics such as biotechnology, circular economy, climate action, energy, plastics, and renewable and recyclable materials. VTT has a long-time experience in fast pyrolysis and realised one of VTT’s patent on biomass pyrolysis in 2006, on which a plant for bio oil production in Finland with a capacity of 10 tonnes per hour was established by Metso, UPM, and Fortum. A pilot scale with a capacity of 20 kg h<sup>-1</sup> as well as bench scale plants with a capacity of 1-2 kg h<sup>-1</sup> are available.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki><br />
<br />
Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki><br />
<br />
Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075<br />
<br />
Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067<br />
<br />
Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Pyrolysis&diff=4466Pyrolysis2023-08-01T12:03:43Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)<br />
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas<br />
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement)..</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" /><br />
!Feedstock:<br />
!Corn stover<br />
!Switchgrass<br />
!Wood<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Moisture<br />
|8.0<br />
|9.8<br />
|42.0<br />
|-<br />
|Ash<br />
|6.9<br />
|8.1<br />
|2.3<br />
|-<br />
|Volatile matter<br />
|69.7<br />
|69.1<br />
|47.8<br />
|-<br />
|Fixed carbon<br />
|15.4<br />
|12.9<br />
|7.9<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Carbon<br />
|49.7<br />
|50.7<br />
|51.5<br />
|-<br />
|Hydrogen<br />
|5.91<br />
|6.32<br />
|4.71<br />
|-<br />
|Oxygen<br />
|42.6<br />
|41.0<br />
|40.9<br />
|-<br />
|Nitrogen<br />
|0.97<br />
|0.83<br />
|1.06<br />
|-<br />
|Sulphur<br />
|0.11<br />
|0.21<br />
|0.12<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorine<br />
|0.28<br />
|0.22<br />
|0.02<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Cellulose<br />
|36.3<br />
|44.8<br />
|38.3<br />
|-<br />
|Hemicellulose<br />
|23.5<br />
|35.3<br />
|33.4<br />
|-<br />
|Lignin<br />
|17.5<br />
|11.9<br />
|25.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:<br />
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)<br />
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)<br />
* [[Steam explosion]]<br />
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)<br />
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)<br />
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]<br />
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]<br />
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)<br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.<br />
<br />
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:<br />
<br />
# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C<br />
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage<br />
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals<br />
<br />
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===<br />
<br />
* Fast pyrolysis<br />
* Intermediate pyrolysis<br />
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===<br />
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:<br />
<br />
* Catalytic cracking<br />
** One-step process<br />
** Two-step process<br />
* Hydrocracking<br />
* Thermal cracking<br />
* Thermal depolymerisation<br />
<br />
=== Reactions ===<br />
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.<br />
<br />
=== Char ===<br />
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]<br />
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas. <br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis oil ===<br />
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]<br />
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.<br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis gas ===<br />
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
<br />
* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]<br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Groningen<br />
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
|5-6<br />
|10<br />
|Zeolite<br />
| -<br />
|450-650<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Hengelo<br />
|Fast Pyrolysis<br />
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
|8-9<br />
|5,000<br />
| None<br />
| Rotating Cone<br />
|400-550<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#Splainex Ecosystems|Splainex Ecosystems]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Rijswijk<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Waste pyrolysis industrial plants<br />
|7-9<br />
|65,000<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|400-700<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland]]<br />
|Finland<br />
|Espoo<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Pyrolysis technology<br />
|6<br />
|154<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===BioBTX ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.<br />
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 5-6<br />
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil<br />
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases<br />
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = 1-4<br />
| Capacity = 10<br />
| Temperature = 450-650<br />
| Catalyst = Zeolite <br />
| Other = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.<br />
<br />
The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.<br />
<br />
=== BTG Bioliquids===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = BTG Bioliquids<br />
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 8-9<br />
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis<br />
| Feedstock = Woody biomass<br />
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)<br />
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = n.a.<br />
| Capacity = 5,000<br />
| Temperature = 400-550<br />
| Catalyst = None<br />
|Contact=mark.richters@btg-bioliquids.com|Image=Btg-bioliquids.png}}<br />
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]<br />
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on converting biomass residues into Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. In addition 2 FPBO-plants in Scandinavia are in commercial production at Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and Pyrocell in Sweden. Several other customer projects are under discussion in Europe and North America.<br />
<br />
=== Splainex Ecosystems ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=Splainex Ecosystems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.splainex.com|Contact=www.splainex.com/pyrolysis-company-contact.html|Technology name=Waste pyrolysis industrial plants|TRL=7-9|Capacity=65,000|Atmosphere=Inert|Temperature=400-700|Feedstock=MSW, RDF, Sewage sludge, Wooden biomass|Product=Pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, biochar, energy|Image=Splainex.jpg}}<br />
In 2007 Splainex Ecosystems was founded originating from Splainex which was founded in 1994. The main focus of the company is the design and supply of pyrolysis plants, focussing on the pyrolysis unit equipment i.e. pyrolysis furnace, combustion chamber for energy recovery, char cooler. Quality equipment is supplied by their German partners. Offered services include project initiation/feasibility study, design and engineering, equipment fabrication and procurement, factory acceptance testing, packing and shipment, supply, on-site assistance with construction, commissioning, and start-up. Turn-key project delivery is also possible (mostly limited to Europe).<br />
<br />
===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|Country=Finland|Webpage=www.vttresearch.com|Technology name=Pyrolysis technology|TRL=6|Capacity=154|Atmosphere=Inert|Feedstock=Biomass waste|Product=Pyrolysis oil, wax, char|Image=VTT-logo.png|Contact=www.vttresearch.com/en/about-us/contact-us}}<br />
The VTT Technical Research Centre is a non-profit organisation owned and controlled by the state. The strategy is to support businesses and society to work on global challenges through research, innovation, and information. The research centre covers a wide range of topics such as biotechnology, circular economy, climate action, energy, plastics, and renewable and recyclable materials. VTT has a long-time experience in fast pyrolysis and realised one of VTT’s patent on biomass pyrolysis in 2006, on which a plant for bio oil production in Finland with a capacity of 10 tonnes per hour was established by Metso, UPM, and Fortum. A pilot scale with a capacity of 20 kg h<sup>-1</sup> as well as bench scale plants with a capacity of 1-2 kg h<sup>-1</sup> are available.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki><br />
<br />
Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki><br />
<br />
Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075<br />
<br />
Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067<br />
<br />
Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Achim_Raschka&diff=4462User talk:Achim Raschka2023-06-28T13:29:30Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>To get in contact with Achim you can use this talk page or send a mail to '''mailto:achim.raschka@nova-institut.de'''<br />
<br />
test</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Insect_farming&diff=4460Insect farming2023-06-26T11:52:03Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
|Name=Insect farming<br />
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])<br />
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste<br />
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude><br />
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]<br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.<br />
<br />
Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites .... <br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m<sup>2</sup>/organism]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#ALIA_Insect_Farm|ALIA Insect Farm]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Beta_Bugs|Beta Bugs]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ecofly|Ecofly]]<br />
| Austria<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Insect_farming#Illucens|Illucens]]<br />
|Germany<br />
| -<br />
|Vertical insect farming<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Innovafeed|Innovafeed]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| 25000<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#NextAlim|NextAlim]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 0.27<br />
| -<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Protix|Protix]]<br />
| The Netherlands<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ynsect|Ynsect]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Ynsect<br />
| 8-9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ALIA Insect Farm ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}<br />
ALIA is an agricultural start-up, founded in 2020 and based in Italy, in Milan. Alia Insect Farm is part of the Innovation Hub of Como Next, where it has an operational office. Multidisciplinary teams, with their skills and passion, have been working on this project for over two years: to give life to the first Italian Next Generation Farm for the production of Novel Food based on edible insects. Engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, food technologists, communication and legal experts are just some of the professional figures with whom Alia Insect Farm has started its challenge towards the ambitious goal: to obtain excellent food based on 100% Italian edible crickets, in compliance with maximum safety, quality and innovation. Alia Insect Farm currently only carries out research and development activities, while waiting for the Novel Food regulations to authorise the sale of these products in Europe and therefore also in Italy. Our mission is to provide the greatest number of people with innovative, quality food made from edible insects, spreading the culture of the benefits of entomophagy, as a new frontier of food, for the wellbeing of people and in respect of our planet.<br />
<br />
=== Beta Bugs ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}<br />
Beta Bugs was founded in 2017 with early-stage investment from Deep Science Ventures in London. Securing early-stage grant funding, the company relocated operations to the Easter Bush Campus, a world-leading agri-food research, work and study environment, just outside of Edinburgh, in 2019. In 2020, during the CoVID-19 lockdowns, we benefited from EIC Accelerator, Scottish Government and InnovateUK Transforming Food Production funding, turning a time of uncertainty and challenge into one of opportunity and growth. As of 2022, we are a dedicated, talented and hard-working team of 12 working at the next frontier in animal breeding, with the ambition and drive to build a commercially successful world-leader in our sector.<br />
<br />
Since Day One, Genetics has been our sole focus. We have built our Company’s strategy, technology and team around developing and distributing Black Soldier Fly breeds. We leave large-scale production to Black Soldier Fly protein producers, our customers, who improve their bottom lines through our product. In doing so, we avoid unnecessary competition, and instead jointly focus our energies on scaling our industry.<br />
<br />
=== Ecofly ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ecofly|Country=Austria|Contact=office@ecofly.at|Webpage=https://www.ecofly.at/en|Other=1 t/m2 per year|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Feedstock=Waste streams: Side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations|Product=Ecofly BSF Protein, BSF fertilizer, BSF oil, whole dried BSF larvae, BSF neonates (freshly hatched BSF larvae)|TRL=9}}<br />
We started insect farming in a small garage. In 2017 we teamed up with Bernhard Protiwensky, a fertilizer expert and seasoned entrepreneur, to found Ecofly. Since then we work in the austrian village of Antiesenhofen to develop an efficient and cheap technology for breeding and growing BSF-larvae. In the beginning of 2020 we started a cooperation with PUREA Austria GmbH in order to turn the knowledge of both parties into an industrial process for breeding, growing and processing BSF-larvae.<br />
<br />
Our solution to counteract the problems of global food production is based on a small fly called Hermetia Illucens (soldier fly). This fly offers fast growth and efficient biomass conversion while feeding on waste streams. Therefore we tackle two problems at once and contribute to a sustainable transformation of the food industry.<br />
<br />
We utilize the larvae of the black soldier fly for upcycling waste streams to a high quality insect protein. Our larvae are exclusively fed on side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations. Thus we can guarantee a stable process and prevent contaminations. The black soldier fly can be farmed very efficiently on small space. For one metric ton of product per year only one square metre of production area is required.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Illucens===<br />
<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Illucens|Country=Germany|Webpage=http://illucens.com|Contact=info@illucens.com|TRL=|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect protein, insect oil, insect fertilizer (frass), turn-key solutions for insect fattening|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=}}<br />
<br />
Our founder and CEO, Dirk Wessendorf, started as early as 2009 with the breeding of Black Soldier Flies. Much research has led us now to a system that allows the fattening of BSF larvae in a fully automated manner, reliable and highly cost-effective. The vertical farming principle allows for a 17-fold multiplication of the ground area. This system (patent pending) is especially designed for farmers and others who have access to biogenic side-streams. These can be converted to valuable proteins, insect oil and fertilizer. <br />
<br />
=== Innovafeed ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Innovafeed|Country=France|Webpage=https://innovafeed.com/en/|Contact=sales@innovafeed.com|TRL=9|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect fertilizer (frass), insect protein, insect oil, Hilucia Pet Prot – Innovafeed’s insect protein for pets, Hilucia Pet Oil – Innovafeed’s insect oil for pets|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=25,000}}<br />
Research & Development is at the heart of Innovafeed’s model with more than €10M invested over the last four years and more than a hundred tests conducted in research stations or in real conditions to push back the frontiers of scientific knowledge of the insect and guarantee a unique and competitive nutritional quality of the product.<br />
<br />
* Cutting-edge zootechnical research to understand the life cycle of the insect Hermetia Illucens and to develop breakthrough technology needed to reproduce this natural cycle in farms.<br />
* Optimization of the substrate to feed the larvae: more than 100 types of co-products evaluated and 200 recipes tested in order to design the substrate that today perfectly meets the nutritional needs of the larvae at each stage of development.<br />
* Product development with leading experts (Nofima, Cargill, Imaqua…) to demonstrate and optimize the performance of our products in animal and plant nutrition.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed’s unique technology makes it possible to reproduce the natural cycle of the insect on a large scale under controlled and optimized conditions:<br />
<br />
* 3,000 sensors allow to optimize at any time the breeding conditions of larvae.<br />
* The use of artificial intelligence allows to limit human intervention in the breeding process: robots automatically collect and count the 20,000 eggs laid every second. Innovafeed thus intends to put the insect back at the heart of the food chain.<br />
<br />
Finally, Innovafeed has developed an innovative and proprietary industrial tool to transform larvae through a wet process allowing to guarantee the best quality of our products in particular in terms of digestibility.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed has developed a model of co-location of its factories – called industrial symbiosis – allowing it to valorize local agricultural by-products to feed its larvae, and the fatal energy of its neighbors to heat its farm.<br />
<br />
By considering sustainability as an input in the design of its factories, Innovafeed has thus made it a competitive argument enabling to offer premium and sustainable ingredients for all.<br />
<br />
The environmental performance of Innovafeed’s model has been quantitatively demonstrated by a Life Cycle Analysis from the independent firm Quantis, showing that this model allows to save 57,000 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> each year.<br />
<br />
=== NextAlim ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}<br />
<br />
NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.<br />
<br />
=== Protix ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}<br />
<br />
Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid<br />
<br />
=== Ynsect ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}<br />
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
Currently no providers have been identified.<br />
<br />
== Patents ==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Insect_farming&diff=4459Insect farming2023-06-26T11:51:34Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
|Name=Insect farming<br />
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])<br />
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste<br />
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude><br />
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]<br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.<br />
<br />
Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites .... <br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m<sup>2</sup>/organism]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#ALIA_Insect_Farm|ALIA Insect Farm]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Beta_Bugs|Beta Bugs]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ecofly|Ecofly]]<br />
| Austria<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[Insect_farming#Illucens|Illucens]]<br />
|Germany<br />
| -<br />
|Vertical insect farming<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Innovafeed|Innovafeed]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| 25000<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#NextAlim|NextAlim]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 0.27<br />
| -<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Protix|Protix]]<br />
| The Netherlands<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ynsect|Ynsect]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Ynsect<br />
| 8-9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ALIA Insect Farm ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}<br />
ALIA is an agricultural start-up, founded in 2020 and based in Italy, in Milan. Alia Insect Farm is part of the Innovation Hub of Como Next, where it has an operational office. Multidisciplinary teams, with their skills and passion, have been working on this project for over two years: to give life to the first Italian Next Generation Farm for the production of Novel Food based on edible insects. Engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, food technologists, communication and legal experts are just some of the professional figures with whom Alia Insect Farm has started its challenge towards the ambitious goal: to obtain excellent food based on 100% Italian edible crickets, in compliance with maximum safety, quality and innovation. Alia Insect Farm currently only carries out research and development activities, while waiting for the Novel Food regulations to authorise the sale of these products in Europe and therefore also in Italy. Our mission is to provide the greatest number of people with innovative, quality food made from edible insects, spreading the culture of the benefits of entomophagy, as a new frontier of food, for the wellbeing of people and in respect of our planet.<br />
<br />
=== Beta Bugs ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}<br />
Beta Bugs was founded in 2017 with early-stage investment from Deep Science Ventures in London. Securing early-stage grant funding, the company relocated operations to the Easter Bush Campus, a world-leading agri-food research, work and study environment, just outside of Edinburgh, in 2019. In 2020, during the CoVID-19 lockdowns, we benefited from EIC Accelerator, Scottish Government and InnovateUK Transforming Food Production funding, turning a time of uncertainty and challenge into one of opportunity and growth. As of 2022, we are a dedicated, talented and hard-working team of 12 working at the next frontier in animal breeding, with the ambition and drive to build a commercially successful world-leader in our sector.<br />
<br />
Since Day One, Genetics has been our sole focus. We have built our Company’s strategy, technology and team around developing and distributing Black Soldier Fly breeds. We leave large-scale production to Black Soldier Fly protein producers, our customers, who improve their bottom lines through our product. In doing so, we avoid unnecessary competition, and instead jointly focus our energies on scaling our industry.<br />
<br />
=== Ecofly ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ecofly|Country=Austria|Contact=office@ecofly.at|Webpage=https://www.ecofly.at/en|Other=1 t/m2 per year|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Feedstock=Waste streams: Side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations|Product=Ecofly BSF Protein, BSF fertilizer, BSF oil, whole dried BSF larvae, BSF neonates (freshly hatched BSF larvae)|TRL=9}}<br />
We started insect farming in a small garage. In 2017 we teamed up with Bernhard Protiwensky, a fertilizer expert and seasoned entrepreneur, to found Ecofly. Since then we work in the austrian village of Antiesenhofen to develop an efficient and cheap technology for breeding and growing BSF-larvae. In the beginning of 2020 we started a cooperation with PUREA Austria GmbH in order to turn the knowledge of both parties into an industrial process for breeding, growing and processing BSF-larvae.<br />
<br />
Our solution to counteract the problems of global food production is based on a small fly called Hermetia Illucens (soldier fly). This fly offers fast growth and efficient biomass conversion while feeding on waste streams. Therefore we tackle two problems at once and contribute to a sustainable transformation of the food industry.<br />
<br />
We utilize the larvae of the black soldier fly for upcycling waste streams to a high quality insect protein. Our larvae are exclusively fed on side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations. Thus we can guarantee a stable process and prevent contaminations. The black soldier fly can be farmed very efficiently on small space. For one metric ton of product per year only one square metre of production area is required.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Illucens===<br />
<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Illucens|Country=Germany|Webpage=http://illucens.com|Contact=info@illucens.com|TRL=|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect protein, insect oil, insect fertilizer (frass), turn-key solutions for insect fattening|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=}}<br />
<br />
Our founder and CEO, Dirk Wessendorf, started as early as 2009 with the breeding of Black Soldier Flies. Much research has led us now to a system that allows the fattening of BSF larvae in a fully automated manner, reliable and highly cost-effective. The vertical farming principle allows for a 17-fold multiplication of the ground area. This system (patent pending) is especially designed for farmers and others who have access to biogenic side-streams. These can be converted to valuable proteins, insect oil and fertilizer. <br />
<br />
=== Innovafeed ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Innovafeed|Country=France|Webpage=https://innovafeed.com/en/|Contact=sales@innovafeed.com|TRL=9|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect fertilizer (frass), insect protein, insect oil, Hilucia Pet Prot – Innovafeed’s insect protein for pets, Hilucia Pet Oil – Innovafeed’s insect oil for pets|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=25,000}}<br />
Research & Development is at the heart of Innovafeed’s model with more than €10M invested over the last four years and more than a hundred tests conducted in research stations or in real conditions to push back the frontiers of scientific knowledge of the insect and guarantee a unique and competitive nutritional quality of the product.<br />
<br />
* Cutting-edge zootechnical research to understand the life cycle of the insect Hermetia Illucens and to develop breakthrough technology needed to reproduce this natural cycle in farms.<br />
* Optimization of the substrate to feed the larvae: more than 100 types of co-products evaluated and 200 recipes tested in order to design the substrate that today perfectly meets the nutritional needs of the larvae at each stage of development.<br />
* Product development with leading experts (Nofima, Cargill, Imaqua…) to demonstrate and optimize the performance of our products in animal and plant nutrition.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed’s unique technology makes it possible to reproduce the natural cycle of the insect on a large scale under controlled and optimized conditions:<br />
<br />
* 3,000 sensors allow to optimize at any time the breeding conditions of larvae.<br />
* The use of artificial intelligence allows to limit human intervention in the breeding process: robots automatically collect and count the 20,000 eggs laid every second. Innovafeed thus intends to put the insect back at the heart of the food chain.<br />
<br />
Finally, Innovafeed has developed an innovative and proprietary industrial tool to transform larvae through a wet process allowing to guarantee the best quality of our products in particular in terms of digestibility.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed has developed a model of co-location of its factories – called industrial symbiosis – allowing it to valorize local agricultural by-products to feed its larvae, and the fatal energy of its neighbors to heat its farm.<br />
<br />
By considering sustainability as an input in the design of its factories, Innovafeed has thus made it a competitive argument enabling to offer premium and sustainable ingredients for all.<br />
<br />
The environmental performance of Innovafeed’s model has been quantitatively demonstrated by a Life Cycle Analysis from the independent firm Quantis, showing that this model allows to save 57,000 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> each year.<br />
<br />
=== NextAlim ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}<br />
<br />
NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.<br />
<br />
=== Protix ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}<br />
<br />
Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid<br />
<br />
=== Ynsect ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}<br />
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
Currently no providers have been identified.<br />
<br />
== Patents ==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Insect_farming&diff=4458Insect farming2023-06-26T11:51:12Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
|Name=Insect farming<br />
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])<br />
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste<br />
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude><br />
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]<br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.<br />
<br />
Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites .... <br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m<sup>2</sup>/organism]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#ALIA_Insect_Farm|ALIA Insect Farm]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Beta_Bugs|Beta Bugs]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ecofly|Ecofly]]<br />
| Austria<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[Insect_farming#Illucens|Illucens]<br />
|Germany<br />
| -<br />
|Vertical insect farming<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Innovafeed|Innovafeed]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| 25000<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#NextAlim|NextAlim]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 0.27<br />
| -<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Protix|Protix]]<br />
| The Netherlands<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ynsect|Ynsect]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Ynsect<br />
| 8-9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ALIA Insect Farm ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}<br />
ALIA is an agricultural start-up, founded in 2020 and based in Italy, in Milan. Alia Insect Farm is part of the Innovation Hub of Como Next, where it has an operational office. Multidisciplinary teams, with their skills and passion, have been working on this project for over two years: to give life to the first Italian Next Generation Farm for the production of Novel Food based on edible insects. Engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, food technologists, communication and legal experts are just some of the professional figures with whom Alia Insect Farm has started its challenge towards the ambitious goal: to obtain excellent food based on 100% Italian edible crickets, in compliance with maximum safety, quality and innovation. Alia Insect Farm currently only carries out research and development activities, while waiting for the Novel Food regulations to authorise the sale of these products in Europe and therefore also in Italy. Our mission is to provide the greatest number of people with innovative, quality food made from edible insects, spreading the culture of the benefits of entomophagy, as a new frontier of food, for the wellbeing of people and in respect of our planet.<br />
<br />
=== Beta Bugs ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}<br />
Beta Bugs was founded in 2017 with early-stage investment from Deep Science Ventures in London. Securing early-stage grant funding, the company relocated operations to the Easter Bush Campus, a world-leading agri-food research, work and study environment, just outside of Edinburgh, in 2019. In 2020, during the CoVID-19 lockdowns, we benefited from EIC Accelerator, Scottish Government and InnovateUK Transforming Food Production funding, turning a time of uncertainty and challenge into one of opportunity and growth. As of 2022, we are a dedicated, talented and hard-working team of 12 working at the next frontier in animal breeding, with the ambition and drive to build a commercially successful world-leader in our sector.<br />
<br />
Since Day One, Genetics has been our sole focus. We have built our Company’s strategy, technology and team around developing and distributing Black Soldier Fly breeds. We leave large-scale production to Black Soldier Fly protein producers, our customers, who improve their bottom lines through our product. In doing so, we avoid unnecessary competition, and instead jointly focus our energies on scaling our industry.<br />
<br />
=== Ecofly ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ecofly|Country=Austria|Contact=office@ecofly.at|Webpage=https://www.ecofly.at/en|Other=1 t/m2 per year|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Feedstock=Waste streams: Side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations|Product=Ecofly BSF Protein, BSF fertilizer, BSF oil, whole dried BSF larvae, BSF neonates (freshly hatched BSF larvae)|TRL=9}}<br />
We started insect farming in a small garage. In 2017 we teamed up with Bernhard Protiwensky, a fertilizer expert and seasoned entrepreneur, to found Ecofly. Since then we work in the austrian village of Antiesenhofen to develop an efficient and cheap technology for breeding and growing BSF-larvae. In the beginning of 2020 we started a cooperation with PUREA Austria GmbH in order to turn the knowledge of both parties into an industrial process for breeding, growing and processing BSF-larvae.<br />
<br />
Our solution to counteract the problems of global food production is based on a small fly called Hermetia Illucens (soldier fly). This fly offers fast growth and efficient biomass conversion while feeding on waste streams. Therefore we tackle two problems at once and contribute to a sustainable transformation of the food industry.<br />
<br />
We utilize the larvae of the black soldier fly for upcycling waste streams to a high quality insect protein. Our larvae are exclusively fed on side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations. Thus we can guarantee a stable process and prevent contaminations. The black soldier fly can be farmed very efficiently on small space. For one metric ton of product per year only one square metre of production area is required.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Illucens===<br />
<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Illucens|Country=Germany|Webpage=http://illucens.com|Contact=info@illucens.com|TRL=|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect protein, insect oil, insect fertilizer (frass), turn-key solutions for insect fattening|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=}}<br />
<br />
Our founder and CEO, Dirk Wessendorf, started as early as 2009 with the breeding of Black Soldier Flies. Much research has led us now to a system that allows the fattening of BSF larvae in a fully automated manner, reliable and highly cost-effective. The vertical farming principle allows for a 17-fold multiplication of the ground area. This system (patent pending) is especially designed for farmers and others who have access to biogenic side-streams. These can be converted to valuable proteins, insect oil and fertilizer. <br />
<br />
=== Innovafeed ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Innovafeed|Country=France|Webpage=https://innovafeed.com/en/|Contact=sales@innovafeed.com|TRL=9|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect fertilizer (frass), insect protein, insect oil, Hilucia Pet Prot – Innovafeed’s insect protein for pets, Hilucia Pet Oil – Innovafeed’s insect oil for pets|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=25,000}}<br />
Research & Development is at the heart of Innovafeed’s model with more than €10M invested over the last four years and more than a hundred tests conducted in research stations or in real conditions to push back the frontiers of scientific knowledge of the insect and guarantee a unique and competitive nutritional quality of the product.<br />
<br />
* Cutting-edge zootechnical research to understand the life cycle of the insect Hermetia Illucens and to develop breakthrough technology needed to reproduce this natural cycle in farms.<br />
* Optimization of the substrate to feed the larvae: more than 100 types of co-products evaluated and 200 recipes tested in order to design the substrate that today perfectly meets the nutritional needs of the larvae at each stage of development.<br />
* Product development with leading experts (Nofima, Cargill, Imaqua…) to demonstrate and optimize the performance of our products in animal and plant nutrition.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed’s unique technology makes it possible to reproduce the natural cycle of the insect on a large scale under controlled and optimized conditions:<br />
<br />
* 3,000 sensors allow to optimize at any time the breeding conditions of larvae.<br />
* The use of artificial intelligence allows to limit human intervention in the breeding process: robots automatically collect and count the 20,000 eggs laid every second. Innovafeed thus intends to put the insect back at the heart of the food chain.<br />
<br />
Finally, Innovafeed has developed an innovative and proprietary industrial tool to transform larvae through a wet process allowing to guarantee the best quality of our products in particular in terms of digestibility.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed has developed a model of co-location of its factories – called industrial symbiosis – allowing it to valorize local agricultural by-products to feed its larvae, and the fatal energy of its neighbors to heat its farm.<br />
<br />
By considering sustainability as an input in the design of its factories, Innovafeed has thus made it a competitive argument enabling to offer premium and sustainable ingredients for all.<br />
<br />
The environmental performance of Innovafeed’s model has been quantitatively demonstrated by a Life Cycle Analysis from the independent firm Quantis, showing that this model allows to save 57,000 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> each year.<br />
<br />
=== NextAlim ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}<br />
<br />
NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.<br />
<br />
=== Protix ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}<br />
<br />
Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid<br />
<br />
=== Ynsect ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}<br />
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
Currently no providers have been identified.<br />
<br />
== Patents ==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Insect_farming&diff=4457Insect farming2023-06-26T11:49:59Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
|Name=Insect farming<br />
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])<br />
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste<br />
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude><br />
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]<br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.<br />
<br />
Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites .... <br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m<sup>2</sup>/organism]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#ALIA_Insect_Farm|ALIA Insect Farm]]<br />
| Italy<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Beta_Bugs|Beta Bugs]]<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ecofly|Ecofly]]<br />
| Austria<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[https://Illucens.com Illucens]<br />
|Germany<br />
| -<br />
|Vertical insect farming<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Innovafeed|Innovafeed]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Vertical insect farming<br />
| 9<br />
| -<br />
| 25000<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#NextAlim|NextAlim]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 0.27<br />
| -<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Protix|Protix]]<br />
| The Netherlands<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|-<br />
| [[Insect_farming#Ynsect|Ynsect]]<br />
| France<br />
| -<br />
| Ynsect<br />
| 8-9<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ALIA Insect Farm ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}<br />
ALIA is an agricultural start-up, founded in 2020 and based in Italy, in Milan. Alia Insect Farm is part of the Innovation Hub of Como Next, where it has an operational office. Multidisciplinary teams, with their skills and passion, have been working on this project for over two years: to give life to the first Italian Next Generation Farm for the production of Novel Food based on edible insects. Engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, food technologists, communication and legal experts are just some of the professional figures with whom Alia Insect Farm has started its challenge towards the ambitious goal: to obtain excellent food based on 100% Italian edible crickets, in compliance with maximum safety, quality and innovation. Alia Insect Farm currently only carries out research and development activities, while waiting for the Novel Food regulations to authorise the sale of these products in Europe and therefore also in Italy. Our mission is to provide the greatest number of people with innovative, quality food made from edible insects, spreading the culture of the benefits of entomophagy, as a new frontier of food, for the wellbeing of people and in respect of our planet.<br />
<br />
=== Beta Bugs ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}<br />
Beta Bugs was founded in 2017 with early-stage investment from Deep Science Ventures in London. Securing early-stage grant funding, the company relocated operations to the Easter Bush Campus, a world-leading agri-food research, work and study environment, just outside of Edinburgh, in 2019. In 2020, during the CoVID-19 lockdowns, we benefited from EIC Accelerator, Scottish Government and InnovateUK Transforming Food Production funding, turning a time of uncertainty and challenge into one of opportunity and growth. As of 2022, we are a dedicated, talented and hard-working team of 12 working at the next frontier in animal breeding, with the ambition and drive to build a commercially successful world-leader in our sector.<br />
<br />
Since Day One, Genetics has been our sole focus. We have built our Company’s strategy, technology and team around developing and distributing Black Soldier Fly breeds. We leave large-scale production to Black Soldier Fly protein producers, our customers, who improve their bottom lines through our product. In doing so, we avoid unnecessary competition, and instead jointly focus our energies on scaling our industry.<br />
<br />
=== Ecofly ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ecofly|Country=Austria|Contact=office@ecofly.at|Webpage=https://www.ecofly.at/en|Other=1 t/m2 per year|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Feedstock=Waste streams: Side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations|Product=Ecofly BSF Protein, BSF fertilizer, BSF oil, whole dried BSF larvae, BSF neonates (freshly hatched BSF larvae)|TRL=9}}<br />
We started insect farming in a small garage. In 2017 we teamed up with Bernhard Protiwensky, a fertilizer expert and seasoned entrepreneur, to found Ecofly. Since then we work in the austrian village of Antiesenhofen to develop an efficient and cheap technology for breeding and growing BSF-larvae. In the beginning of 2020 we started a cooperation with PUREA Austria GmbH in order to turn the knowledge of both parties into an industrial process for breeding, growing and processing BSF-larvae.<br />
<br />
Our solution to counteract the problems of global food production is based on a small fly called Hermetia Illucens (soldier fly). This fly offers fast growth and efficient biomass conversion while feeding on waste streams. Therefore we tackle two problems at once and contribute to a sustainable transformation of the food industry.<br />
<br />
We utilize the larvae of the black soldier fly for upcycling waste streams to a high quality insect protein. Our larvae are exclusively fed on side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations. Thus we can guarantee a stable process and prevent contaminations. The black soldier fly can be farmed very efficiently on small space. For one metric ton of product per year only one square metre of production area is required.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Illucens===<br />
<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Illucens|Country=Germany|Webpage=http://illucens.com|Contact=info@illucens.com|TRL=|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect protein, insect oil, insect fertilizer (frass), turn-key solutions for insect fattening|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=}}<br />
<br />
Our founder and CEO, Dirk Wessendorf, started as early as 2009 with the breeding of Black Soldier Flies. Much research has led us now to a system that allows the fattening of BSF larvae in a fully automated manner, reliable and highly cost-effective. The vertical farming principle allows for a 17-fold multiplication of the ground area. This system (patent pending) is especially designed for farmers and others who have access to biogenic side-streams. These can be converted to valuable proteins, insect oil and fertilizer. <br />
<br />
=== Innovafeed ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Innovafeed|Country=France|Webpage=https://innovafeed.com/en/|Contact=sales@innovafeed.com|TRL=9|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect fertilizer (frass), insect protein, insect oil, Hilucia Pet Prot – Innovafeed’s insect protein for pets, Hilucia Pet Oil – Innovafeed’s insect oil for pets|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=25,000}}<br />
Research & Development is at the heart of Innovafeed’s model with more than €10M invested over the last four years and more than a hundred tests conducted in research stations or in real conditions to push back the frontiers of scientific knowledge of the insect and guarantee a unique and competitive nutritional quality of the product.<br />
<br />
* Cutting-edge zootechnical research to understand the life cycle of the insect Hermetia Illucens and to develop breakthrough technology needed to reproduce this natural cycle in farms.<br />
* Optimization of the substrate to feed the larvae: more than 100 types of co-products evaluated and 200 recipes tested in order to design the substrate that today perfectly meets the nutritional needs of the larvae at each stage of development.<br />
* Product development with leading experts (Nofima, Cargill, Imaqua…) to demonstrate and optimize the performance of our products in animal and plant nutrition.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed’s unique technology makes it possible to reproduce the natural cycle of the insect on a large scale under controlled and optimized conditions:<br />
<br />
* 3,000 sensors allow to optimize at any time the breeding conditions of larvae.<br />
* The use of artificial intelligence allows to limit human intervention in the breeding process: robots automatically collect and count the 20,000 eggs laid every second. Innovafeed thus intends to put the insect back at the heart of the food chain.<br />
<br />
Finally, Innovafeed has developed an innovative and proprietary industrial tool to transform larvae through a wet process allowing to guarantee the best quality of our products in particular in terms of digestibility.<br />
<br />
Innovafeed has developed a model of co-location of its factories – called industrial symbiosis – allowing it to valorize local agricultural by-products to feed its larvae, and the fatal energy of its neighbors to heat its farm.<br />
<br />
By considering sustainability as an input in the design of its factories, Innovafeed has thus made it a competitive argument enabling to offer premium and sustainable ingredients for all.<br />
<br />
The environmental performance of Innovafeed’s model has been quantitatively demonstrated by a Life Cycle Analysis from the independent firm Quantis, showing that this model allows to save 57,000 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> each year.<br />
<br />
=== NextAlim ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}<br />
<br />
NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.<br />
<br />
=== Protix ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}<br />
<br />
Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid<br />
<br />
=== Ynsect ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}<br />
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
Currently no providers have been identified.<br />
<br />
== Patents ==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=File:Parse-and-edit.pdf&diff=4447File:Parse-and-edit.pdf2023-04-13T10:21:13Z<p>Lars Krause: Uploaded a work by Raimond Spekking from Tech4Biowaste Project with UploadWizard</p>
<hr />
<div>=={{int:filedesc}}==<br />
{{Information<br />
|description={{en|1=Last version of program code (automated script) to scrape data from other web sourced to the database. The code is currently non-functional ans was uploaded for documentation purposes.}}<br />
|date=2023-04-13<br />
|source=Tech4Biowaste Project<br />
|author=Raimond Spekking<br />
|permission=<br />
|other versions=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=={{int:license-header}}==<br />
{{pd-ineligible}}<br />
<br />
This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Pyrolysis&diff=4441Pyrolysis2023-03-30T06:41:07Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)<br />
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas<br />
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement).</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" /><br />
!Feedstock:<br />
!Corn stover<br />
!Switchgrass<br />
!Wood<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Moisture<br />
|8.0<br />
|9.8<br />
|42.0<br />
|-<br />
|Ash<br />
|6.9<br />
|8.1<br />
|2.3<br />
|-<br />
|Volatile matter<br />
|69.7<br />
|69.1<br />
|47.8<br />
|-<br />
|Fixed carbon<br />
|15.4<br />
|12.9<br />
|7.9<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Carbon<br />
|49.7<br />
|50.7<br />
|51.5<br />
|-<br />
|Hydrogen<br />
|5.91<br />
|6.32<br />
|4.71<br />
|-<br />
|Oxygen<br />
|42.6<br />
|41.0<br />
|40.9<br />
|-<br />
|Nitrogen<br />
|0.97<br />
|0.83<br />
|1.06<br />
|-<br />
|Sulphur<br />
|0.11<br />
|0.21<br />
|0.12<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorine<br />
|0.28<br />
|0.22<br />
|0.02<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Cellulose<br />
|36.3<br />
|44.8<br />
|38.3<br />
|-<br />
|Hemicellulose<br />
|23.5<br />
|35.3<br />
|33.4<br />
|-<br />
|Lignin<br />
|17.5<br />
|11.9<br />
|25.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:<br />
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)<br />
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)<br />
* [[Steam explosion]]<br />
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)<br />
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)<br />
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]<br />
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]<br />
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)<br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.<br />
<br />
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:<br />
<br />
# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C<br />
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage<br />
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals<br />
<br />
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===<br />
<br />
* Fast pyrolysis<br />
* Intermediate pyrolysis<br />
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===<br />
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:<br />
<br />
* Catalytic cracking<br />
** One-step process<br />
** Two-step process<br />
* Hydrocracking<br />
* Thermal cracking<br />
* Thermal depolymerisation<br />
<br />
=== Reactions ===<br />
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.<br />
<br />
=== Char ===<br />
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]<br />
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas. <br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis oil ===<br />
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]<br />
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.<br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis gas ===<br />
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
<br />
* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]<br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Groningen<br />
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
|5-6<br />
|10<br />
|Zeolite<br />
| -<br />
|450-650<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Hengelo<br />
|Fast Pyrolysis<br />
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
|8-9<br />
|5,000<br />
| None<br />
| Rotating Cone<br />
|400-550<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#Splainex Ecosystems|Splainex Ecosystems]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Rijswijk<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Waste pyrolysis industrial plants<br />
|7-9<br />
|65,000<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|400-700<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland]]<br />
|Finland<br />
|Espoo<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Pyrolysis technology<br />
|6<br />
|154<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===BioBTX ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.<br />
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 5-6<br />
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil<br />
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases<br />
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = 1-4<br />
| Capacity = 10<br />
| Temperature = 450-650<br />
| Catalyst = Zeolite <br />
| Other = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.<br />
<br />
The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.<br />
<br />
=== BTG Bioliquids===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = BTG Bioliquids<br />
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 8-9<br />
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis<br />
| Feedstock = Woody biomass<br />
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)<br />
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = n.a.<br />
| Capacity = 5,000<br />
| Temperature = 400-550<br />
| Catalyst = None<br />
|Contact=mark.richters@btg-bioliquids.com|Image=Btg-bioliquids.png}}<br />
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]<br />
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on converting biomass residues into Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. In addition 2 FPBO-plants in Scandinavia are in commercial production at Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and Pyrocell in Sweden. Several other customer projects are under discussion in Europe and North America.<br />
<br />
=== Splainex Ecosystems ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=Splainex Ecosystems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.splainex.com|Contact=www.splainex.com/pyrolysis-company-contact.html|Technology name=Waste pyrolysis industrial plants|TRL=7-9|Capacity=65,000|Atmosphere=Inert|Temperature=400-700|Feedstock=MSW, RDF, Sewage sludge, Wooden biomass|Product=Pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, biochar, energy|Image=Splainex.jpg}}<br />
In 2007 Splainex Ecosystems was founded originating from Splainex which was founded in 1994. The main focus of the company is the design and supply of pyrolysis plants, focussing on the pyrolysis unit equipment i.e. pyrolysis furnace, combustion chamber for energy recovery, char cooler. Quality equipment is supplied by their German partners. Offered services include project initiation/feasibility study, design and engineering, equipment fabrication and procurement, factory acceptance testing, packing and shipment, supply, on-site assistance with construction, commissioning, and start-up. Turn-key project delivery is also possible (mostly limited to Europe).<br />
<br />
===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|Country=Finland|Webpage=www.vttresearch.com|Technology name=Pyrolysis technology|TRL=6|Capacity=154|Atmosphere=Inert|Feedstock=Biomass waste|Product=Pyrolysis oil, wax, char|Image=VTT-logo.png|Contact=www.vttresearch.com/en/about-us/contact-us}}<br />
The VTT Technical Research Centre is a non-profit organisation owned and controlled by the state. The strategy is to support businesses and society to work on global challenges through research, innovation, and information. The research centre covers a wide range of topics such as biotechnology, circular economy, climate action, energy, plastics, and renewable and recyclable materials. VTT has a long-time experience in fast pyrolysis and realised one of VTT’s patent on biomass pyrolysis in 2006, on which a plant for bio oil production in Finland with a capacity of 10 tonnes per hour was established by Metso, UPM, and Fortum. A pilot scale with a capacity of 20 kg h<sup>-1</sup> as well as bench scale plants with a capacity of 1-2 kg h<sup>-1</sup> are available.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki><br />
<br />
Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki><br />
<br />
Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075<br />
<br />
Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067<br />
<br />
Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Pyrolysis&diff=4440Pyrolysis2023-03-30T06:40:46Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)<br />
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas<br />
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}<br />
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement)</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" /><br />
!Feedstock:<br />
!Corn stover<br />
!Switchgrass<br />
!Wood<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Moisture<br />
|8.0<br />
|9.8<br />
|42.0<br />
|-<br />
|Ash<br />
|6.9<br />
|8.1<br />
|2.3<br />
|-<br />
|Volatile matter<br />
|69.7<br />
|69.1<br />
|47.8<br />
|-<br />
|Fixed carbon<br />
|15.4<br />
|12.9<br />
|7.9<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Carbon<br />
|49.7<br />
|50.7<br />
|51.5<br />
|-<br />
|Hydrogen<br />
|5.91<br />
|6.32<br />
|4.71<br />
|-<br />
|Oxygen<br />
|42.6<br />
|41.0<br />
|40.9<br />
|-<br />
|Nitrogen<br />
|0.97<br />
|0.83<br />
|1.06<br />
|-<br />
|Sulphur<br />
|0.11<br />
|0.21<br />
|0.12<br />
|-<br />
|Chlorine<br />
|0.28<br />
|0.22<br />
|0.02<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]<br />
|-<br />
|Cellulose<br />
|36.3<br />
|44.8<br />
|38.3<br />
|-<br />
|Hemicellulose<br />
|23.5<br />
|35.3<br />
|33.4<br />
|-<br />
|Lignin<br />
|17.5<br />
|11.9<br />
|25.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:<br />
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)<br />
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)<br />
* [[Steam explosion]]<br />
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)<br />
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)<br />
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]<br />
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]<br />
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)<br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.<br />
<br />
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:<br />
<br />
# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C<br />
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage<br />
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals<br />
<br />
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===<br />
<br />
* Fast pyrolysis<br />
* Intermediate pyrolysis<br />
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)<br />
<br />
=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===<br />
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:<br />
<br />
* Catalytic cracking<br />
** One-step process<br />
** Two-step process<br />
* Hydrocracking<br />
* Thermal cracking<br />
* Thermal depolymerisation<br />
<br />
=== Reactions ===<br />
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.<br />
<br />
=== Char ===<br />
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]<br />
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas. <br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis oil ===<br />
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]<br />
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.<br />
<br />
=== Pyrolysis gas ===<br />
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
<br />
* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]<br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Groningen<br />
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
|5-6<br />
|10<br />
|Zeolite<br />
| -<br />
|450-650<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Hengelo<br />
|Fast Pyrolysis<br />
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
|8-9<br />
|5,000<br />
| None<br />
| Rotating Cone<br />
|400-550<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#Splainex Ecosystems|Splainex Ecosystems]]<br />
|The Netherlands<br />
|Rijswijk<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Waste pyrolysis industrial plants<br />
|7-9<br />
|65,000<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|400-700<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pyrolysis#VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland]]<br />
|Finland<br />
|Espoo<br />
|Pyrolysis<br />
|Pyrolysis technology<br />
|6<br />
|154<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===BioBTX ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.<br />
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 5-6<br />
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology<br />
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step<br />
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil<br />
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases<br />
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = 1-4<br />
| Capacity = 10<br />
| Temperature = 450-650<br />
| Catalyst = Zeolite <br />
| Other = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.<br />
<br />
The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.<br />
<br />
=== BTG Bioliquids===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis<br />
| Company = BTG Bioliquids<br />
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/<br />
| Country = The Netherlands<br />
| TRL = 8-9<br />
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology<br />
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis<br />
| Feedstock = Woody biomass<br />
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)<br />
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor<br />
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed<br />
| Atmosphere = Inert<br />
| Pressure = n.a.<br />
| Capacity = 5,000<br />
| Temperature = 400-550<br />
| Catalyst = None<br />
|Contact=mark.richters@btg-bioliquids.com|Image=Btg-bioliquids.png}}<br />
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]<br />
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on converting biomass residues into Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. In addition 2 FPBO-plants in Scandinavia are in commercial production at Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and Pyrocell in Sweden. Several other customer projects are under discussion in Europe and North America.<br />
<br />
=== Splainex Ecosystems ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=Splainex Ecosystems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.splainex.com|Contact=www.splainex.com/pyrolysis-company-contact.html|Technology name=Waste pyrolysis industrial plants|TRL=7-9|Capacity=65,000|Atmosphere=Inert|Temperature=400-700|Feedstock=MSW, RDF, Sewage sludge, Wooden biomass|Product=Pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, biochar, energy|Image=Splainex.jpg}}<br />
In 2007 Splainex Ecosystems was founded originating from Splainex which was founded in 1994. The main focus of the company is the design and supply of pyrolysis plants, focussing on the pyrolysis unit equipment i.e. pyrolysis furnace, combustion chamber for energy recovery, char cooler. Quality equipment is supplied by their German partners. Offered services include project initiation/feasibility study, design and engineering, equipment fabrication and procurement, factory acceptance testing, packing and shipment, supply, on-site assistance with construction, commissioning, and start-up. Turn-key project delivery is also possible (mostly limited to Europe).<br />
<br />
===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===<br />
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|Country=Finland|Webpage=www.vttresearch.com|Technology name=Pyrolysis technology|TRL=6|Capacity=154|Atmosphere=Inert|Feedstock=Biomass waste|Product=Pyrolysis oil, wax, char|Image=VTT-logo.png|Contact=www.vttresearch.com/en/about-us/contact-us}}<br />
The VTT Technical Research Centre is a non-profit organisation owned and controlled by the state. The strategy is to support businesses and society to work on global challenges through research, innovation, and information. The research centre covers a wide range of topics such as biotechnology, circular economy, climate action, energy, plastics, and renewable and recyclable materials. VTT has a long-time experience in fast pyrolysis and realised one of VTT’s patent on biomass pyrolysis in 2006, on which a plant for bio oil production in Finland with a capacity of 10 tonnes per hour was established by Metso, UPM, and Fortum. A pilot scale with a capacity of 20 kg h<sup>-1</sup> as well as bench scale plants with a capacity of 1-2 kg h<sup>-1</sup> are available.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
==Patents==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki><br />
<br />
Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki><br />
<br />
Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075<br />
<br />
Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067<br />
<br />
Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4430Main Page2023-03-24T11:47:06Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Where we are */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
== Where we are ==<br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public''' {{OK}}<br />
<br />
== Want to get involved? ==<br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4429Main Page2023-03-24T11:46:39Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
== Where we are ==<br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public {{OK}}'''<br />
<br />
== Want to get involved? ==<br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Decision_support_tool&diff=4428Decision support tool2023-03-24T11:25:17Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>On this page you have access to the decision support tool (DST) which is composed of a feedstock-product matrix and a link to the technology comparison tool. The matrix will help users to compare technology alternatives and/or select the most suitable technology to transform a specific group of feedstocks into a specific group of products. A matching technology is indicated by a coloured dot. To learn more about this technology and to compare its providers, click on the respective dot which directly leads to the technology comparison tool. <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+'''Decision support tool (DST)'''<br />
!rowspan=4 align=center style="border: 1px solid black;" | [[Image:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste sq-n.png|200x100px|center|link=]]<br />
! colspan="20" style="border: 1px solid black;" align="center" |'''Legend'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="20" style="border: 1px solid black;" align="center" |<br />
{{colored link|Green|Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|●}}<br />
{{colored link|Green|Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies}}<br />
{{colored link|Green|Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|●}} <br /><br />
{{colored link|Blue|Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|●}}<br />
{{colored link|Blue|Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies}}<br />
{{colored link|Blue|Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|●}} <br /> <br />
{{colored link|Orange|Conversion#Material_processes_and_technologies|●}}<br />
{{colored link|Orange|Conversion#Material_processes_and_technologies|Material processes and technologies}}<br />
{{colored link|Orange|Conversion#Material_processes_and_technologies|●}} <br /> <br />
{{colored link|Red|Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|●}}<br />
{{colored link|Red|Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies}}<br />
{{colored link|Red|Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|●}} <br /> <br />
{{colored link|Grey|Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|●}}<br />
{{colored link|Grey|Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|Other processes and technologies}}<br />
{{colored link|Grey|Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|●}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="20" style="border: 1px solid black;" align="center" |'''Feedstocks'''<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=7 align=center style="border: 1px solid black;" |'''[[Food waste]]'''<br />
!colspan=4 align=center style="border: 1px solid black;" |'''[[Garden and park waste]]'''<br />
!colspan=5 align=center style="border: 1px solid black;" |Gases<br />
!colspan=4 align=center style="border: 1px solid black;" |Other<br />
|-<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| 2G sugar<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Food related wastestreams<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Industrial side streams - Glycerol<br />
!class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Industrial side streams - Paper & cardboard<br />
!class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Industrial side streams - Plastic waste<br />
!class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Industrial side streams - Process waters<br />
!class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Industrial side streams - Oils & derivates<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Bark<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cellulose<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Lignin<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Woody sidestreams<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| CO<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| CO<sub>2</sup><br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| H<sub>2</sup><br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Syngas<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Waste gases<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Formic acid<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| HMF<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| MSW<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Small organic molecules<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
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!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
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!<br />
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|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Chemicals|Chemicals - Agriculture]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]][[Composting#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]][[Composting#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]][[Composting#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Composting#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| {{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| {{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Composting#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"| [[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]][[Composting#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Chemicals|Chemicals - Bulk chemicals]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Chemicals|Chemicals - Enzymes]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Chemicals|Chemicals - Personal & home care]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Chemicals|Chemicals - Polymer monomers & building blocks]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Chemicals|Chemicals - Specialty chemicals]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pulping-and-fractionation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pulping-and-fractionation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pulping-and-fractionation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Energy_and_fuels|Energy & Fuels - Biogas]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|[[Anaerobic digestion#Technology%20providers|●]]{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Energy_and_fuels|Energy & fuels - Fuel additives]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Energy_and_fuels|Energy & fuels - Heat & electricity]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Torrefaction}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Energy_and_fuels|Energy & fuels - Liquid fuels]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Gasification}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" |[[Food_ingredients|Food ingredients]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Heterogeneous-catalysis}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Gas-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Insect-farming}}{{DST-Solid-state-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" |[[Materials|Materials]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Biocomposite-processing}}{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Biocomposite-processing}}{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pulping-and-fractionation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pyrolysis}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pulping-and-fractionation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Biocomposite-processing}}{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Biocomposite-processing}}{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Biocomposite-processing}}{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Hydrothermal-processing}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}{{DST-Pulping-and-fractionation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Industrial-fermentation}}<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|{{DST-Enzymatic-processes}}{{DST-Polymerisation}}<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Tech4Biowaste:About&diff=4421Tech4Biowaste:About2023-03-13T11:48:37Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste sq-n.png|thumb|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]<br />
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Structure and content of the Tech4Biowaste database]]<br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE'''<br/><br />
A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
<br />
Bio-waste is a key waste stream in Europe with a high potential for contributing to a more circular economy. The Tech4Biowaste project will pave the way for deployment of bio-waste technologies and technology configurations by setting-up a database providing a comprehensive technology overview (TRL 4-9) for the valorisation of bio-waste (food waste, garden waste, municipal waste) into value added applications including organic soil improvers, fertilisers, organic chemicals, fuels and energy.<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology providers can showcase new and emerging technologies, even at lower TRL. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies. Both categories of users can assess their commercialisation potential through the associated decision support tool.<br />
<br />
The Tech4Biowaste database will be composed of unique features based on the latest IT technologies, including artificial intelligence, and use of Open Source software. In order to catalyse significant database usage and future growth, it directly builds on the [[Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant]] (BBEPP)-led [[Pilots4U_Database|Pilots4U network]] and links with the [[nova-Institut GmbH]] (nova)-led (parallel-developed) [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]. A hybrid model will be used to populate the database, combining inputs from the consortium’s publishers’ team, a community of volunteers, and automated scripts and tools („bots").<br />
<br />
Tech4Biowaste will mobilise stakeholders (incl. intended users and contributors) for direct involvement (Co-creation, Training, Testing Panel, and Advisory Board) e.g. in the design of the database, in the development of a continuation and expansion scenario and finally for the Business Plan targeting sustained growth and continuity of the open platform<br />
<br />
== Objectives ==<br />
Main objectives of the Tech4Biowaste project are:<br />
*To offer stakeholders along the bio-based value-chain with different backgrounds and expertise a '''one-stop and comprehensive bio-waste technology overview''' that allows to analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
* To reach the stakeholders through offering high visibility and unique features based on the '''latest IT technologies''' as well as '''co-creation''' and '''training''' opportunities, generating significant database usage for those interested in bio-waste utilisation and valorisation technologies.<br />
* To pave the way for the '''deployment of bio-waste technologies''' and technology configurations by assessing the '''commercialisation potential''' with respect to continuity planning for technology suppliers, technology searchers and users reflecting regional differences in bio-waste availability and composition.<br />
* To generate and engage an increasing number of database users for future '''database expansion''' by embedding and integrating the bio-waste technology database into the Renewable Carbon Community platform. Thus actively targeting stakeholders within the broader areas of biomass utilisation and linked technologies.<br />
* To ensure the '''long-term operation''' of the database by setting up a business model and governance structure for the platform.<br />
<br />
== History and timeline ==<br />
[[File:Tech4Biowaste Timeline.png|thumb|Timeline of the Tech4Biowaste project]]<br />
The Tech4Biowaste project officially startet in April 2021. In general, the project is divided in 4 phases which are:<br />
<br />
* Feasibility<br />
* Validation<br />
* Roll-out<br />
* Expansion<br />
<br />
After the official end of the project in April 2023 the Tech4Biowaste database continues its operation and will be available for users and contributors.<br />
<br />
== Consortium and management structure ==<br />
[[File:Tech4Biowaste Management structure.png|thumb|Management structure of the Tech4Biowaste project]]<br />
The Tech4Biowaste consortium is composed of three European-based companies including:<br />
*[[Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant]] (BBEPP) represented by:<br />
**[[User:Anneleen_De_Vriendt|Anneleen De Vriendt]]<br />
**[[User:Katrien_Molders|Katrien Molders]]<br />
**[[User:Stef_Denayer|Stef Denayer]]<br />
**[[User:Tanja_Meyer|Tanja Meyer]]<br />
*[[BTG Biomass Technology Group BV]] (BTG) represented by:<br />
**[[User:Bas_Davidis|Bas Davidis]]<br />
**[[User:John_Vos|John Vos]]<br />
**[[User:Jurjen_Spekreijse|Jurjen Spekreijse]]<br />
*[[nova-Institut für politische und ökologische Innovation GmbH]] (nova) represented by:<br />
**[[User:Achim_Raschka|Achim Raschka]]<br />
**[[User:Freya_Sautner|Freya Sautner]]<br />
**[[User:Lars_Krause|Lars Krause]]<br />
**[[User:Raimond_Spekking|Raimond Spekking]]<br />
<br />
== Database governance and quality ==<br />
To maintain reliable data of high quality, all technology and feedstock descriptions have been written and reviewed by experts from the Tech4Biowaste consortium. <br />
<br />
Specific details presented on any given technology rely on information directly provided by the technology owners either by direct communication, direct input into the database, or from public sources. The consortium holds regular checks to identify data exaggeration. However, the data quality of the technology lies by the technology owners themselves. Any database user is encouraged to alert the consortium on any outlier or oddity.<br />
<br />
== Call-to-Action and release video campaign==<br />
A Call-to-Action and release video was created by the Tech4Biowaste team under the creative and organisational lead of [[Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|BBEPP]] and [[Nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH|nova]]. Production and direction by [https://tatp.be/#home|"Tell All The People"]. The "actors" are all from the [[Tech4Biowaste:About#Consortium_and_management_structure|Tech4Biowaste consortium]]. Filming locations are the BBEPP pilot facilities in Ghent, Belgium and the Wikipedia Bureau in Cologne, Germany.<br />
{{YouTube|videocode=RWMW7nWe50c|direction=center}} {{YouTube|videocode=K0WRomTJpLU|direction=center}}<br />
<br />
== Funding ==<br />
This project reveives funding from the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101023200.<br />
[[File:Logo Horizon 2020.jpg|thumb|left|]]<br />
[[File:Logo BIC.jpg|thumb|left|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tech4Biowaste]]<br />
[[Category:Tech4Biowaste partner|!]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermal_processing&diff=4420Hydrothermal processing2023-03-13T07:32:11Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
|Name=Hydrothermal processing<br />
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])<br />
|Feedstock =Feedstocks with high moisture content. [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] <br />
|Product =Bio-crude, syngas, hydrochar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>Hydrothermal processing, also known as Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU), is a thermochemical conversion process that is used to convert biomass into valuable products or biofuel. The process is usually performed in water at 250-374°C under pressures of 4-22 MPa. The biomass is degraded into small components in water. Based on the target products, which are bio-crude, syngas or hydrochar, the process conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure and residence time) are chosen. One of the most important advantages of hydrothermal processing is that it can use biomass with high moisture content withouth the need for pre-drying. Hydrothermal processing can be divided into three separate processes, depending on the severity of the operating conditions. These include hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), and hydrothermal gasification (HTG).</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Feedstocks with high moisture content are particularly suitable for hydrothermal processing and include feedstocks such as anaerobic digestion digestate, manures, sewage sludge, DDGS, food waste, municipal wastes, and aquatic biomass such as micro- and macroalgae. Hydrothermal processing routes can typically feed slurries up to 30 wt.% solids.<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
A hydrothermal process is usually performed in water at 250-374°C under a pressure of 4-22 MPa. The process can also be carried out under self-generated pressure. The hydrothermal process is divided into two reaction conditions, namely subcritical and supercritical water conditions. These two conditions are determined by the critical point of water (i.e., 374°C and 22.1 MPa). Subcritical water is classified below the critical point at a 100-374°C temperature range and under sufficient pressure to remain liquid. Supercritical water occurs when the temperature is above 374°C and the pressure is above 22.1 MPa. The decomposition steps of biomass during the hydrothermal process can be summarized as follows: at approximately 100°C, the water-soluble portion of the biomass disperses into water, and hydrolysis takes place above 150°C. Meanwhile, biomass polymers (i.e., cellulose and hemicellulose) disintegrate into their monomeric chains. At approximately 300°C and 10 MPa, liquefaction occurs and bio-oil is obtained.<br />
<br />
=== Technologies ===<br />
<br />
* HTC occurs at temperatures between 180°C and 250°C and pressure of 2-4 MPa. This is the mildest of the three hydrothermal processing routes. The main product of HTC is solid hydrochar. <br />
<br />
* HTL utilises subcritical water and occurs at temperatures between 250°C and 374°C and pressures up to 18 MPa. The main product of HTL is a liquid biocrude.<br />
<br />
* HTG or supercritical water gasification (SCWG) occurs at temperatures above 374°C and higher pressures beyond 20 MPa. The main product of HTG is a syngas.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
Depending on the technology, hydrochar, biocrude or syngas is produced. The produced gas is not the same as conventional syngas from [[gasification]], which is comprised of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Nevertheless, the gas is referred to as syngas but is typically high in either hydrogen or methane with carbon dioxide also present. The hydrochar can be utilised as fertilizers, adsorbents, and wastewater treatments. The intermediate biocrude can be further upgraded to liquid hydrocarbon fuels via catalytic hydrotreatment.<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Gasifying agent<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrothermal processing#Lule.C3.A5 University of Technology LTU|Luleå University of Technology LTU]]<br />
| Sweden<br />
| -<br />
| Organosolv pre-treatment<br />
| 6-7<br />
| -<br />
|30<br />
|230<br />
|Continuous organosolv reactor<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrothermal processing#Montinutra OY|Montinutra OY]]<br />
| Finland<br />
| -<br />
| Hydrothermal processing, pressured hot water extraction<br />
| 7<br />
| 0.11<br />
| -<br />
|150-200<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hydrothermal processing#TerraNova Energy GmbH|TerraNova Energy GmbH]]<br />
|Germany<br />
| -<br />
|TerraNova ultra<br />
|8-9<br />
| -<br />
|20-35<br />
|180-200<br />
|Hydrothermal carbonization<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|TRL=6-7|Gasifying agent=not relevant|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Pressure=Up to 30 bar|Temperature=Up to 230 °C|Other=not relevant}}<br />
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.<br />
<br />
=== Montinutra OY ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Montinutra Oy|Country=Finland|Contact=Jaakko Pajunen, Managing Director<br />
Mobile: +358 44 34 35 162<br />
Email: firstname.lastname(at)montinutra.com|Webpage=https://www.montinutra.com|Technology name=Hydrothermal processing, pressured hot water extraction|TRL=7|Capacity=1 metric ton per year|Feedstock=woody biomass, forest industry side stream, sawdust, spruce|Product=- SpruceSugar (a galactoglucomannan rich pressurised hot water extract); <br />
- thermally treated wood for biocomposites, or furniture, or MDF; <br />
- lignin extract<br />
- other on demand|Gasifying agent=not relevant|Pressure=disclosed on demand|Reactor=not relevant|Temperature=150-200|Other=not relevant|Image=Montinutra_logo.jpg}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Montinutra produces high value bioactive products from forest industry side streams. Our mission is to convert forest industry side streams into valuable ingredients for the cosmetics, food & beverage and chemical industries with our scalable technology. Montinutra has strong research and innovation background and a solid patent portfolio in key markets globally.<br />
<br />
Roadmap: we are currently operating in pilot-scale. Our operation in Turku have capability and knowhow to extract high value bioactive compounds out of sawdust. Preparing to build industrial scale operation in 2023-2024 that will produce sustainable and ethical Sprucegum™ extract from sawdust. Sawmills produce millions of tons of sawdust and bark globally. Current commercial value of these side streams is low. Montinutra can add significant value by extracting high value bioactive compounds from those low value side streams. Sawdust and bark are usually incinerated in bio-power plants and the economic value add remains low, in addition to which the burning process causes greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
<br />
=== TerraNova Energy GmbH ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Terranova Energy GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@terranova-energy.com|Technology name=TerraNova ultra|TRL=8-9|Pressure=20 - 35|Temperature=180 - 200|Reactor=Hydrothermal carbonization|Feedstock=Dewatered sewage sludge or shredded biowaste with a dry matter content of 5-30%|Product=biocoal; carbon-rich process water (by-product)|Webpage=https://www.terranova-energy.com/en/}}<br />
TerraNova Energy is a pioneer in Hydrothermal Carbonization of sludge and biowaste. In 2010, TerraNova Energy constructed the first HTC demonstration plant in Europe, and subsequently, constructed the first commercial HTC plant worldwide in 2016. The advantage of the TerraNova ultra process is that it takes place in an aqueous environment, so that no drying of the input material is necessary. Furthermore, the TerraNova ultra units have a highly efficient recovery system, which minimizes the heat demand of the HTC process. The HTC coal contains hardly any water and, thanks to its high energy content, can be used for climate-friendly energy generation in coal-fired power plants or as a substitute for fossil fuels in cement plants or waste incineration plants.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B86%5D=86&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
== Patents ==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermal_processing&diff=4419Hydrothermal processing2023-03-13T07:31:42Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Technology providers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox technology<br />
|Name=Hydrothermal processing<br />
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])<br />
|Feedstock =Feedstocks with high moisture content. [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] <br />
|Product =Bio-crude, syngas, hydrochar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<onlyinclude>Hydrothermal processing, also known as Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU), is a thermochemical conversion process that is used to convert biomass into valuable products or biofuel. The process is usually performed in water at 250-374°C under pressures of 4-22 MPa. The biomass is degraded into small components in water. Based on the target products, which are bio-crude, syngas or hydrochar, the process conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure and residence time) are chosen. One of the most important advantages of hydrothermal processing is that it can use biomass with high moisture content withouth the need for pre-drying. Hydrothermal processing can be divided into three separate processes, depending on the severity of the operating conditions. These include hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), and hydrothermal gasification (HTG).</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Feedstock ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and composition ===<br />
Feedstocks with high moisture content are particularly suitable for hydrothermal processing and include feedstocks such as anaerobic digestion digestate, manures, sewage sludge, DDGS, food waste, municipal wastes, and aquatic biomass such as micro- and macroalgae. Hydrothermal processing routes can typically feed slurries up to 30 wt.% solids.<br />
<br />
=== Pre-treatment ===<br />
<br />
== Process and technologies ==<br />
<br />
=== Process ===<br />
A hydrothermal process is usually performed in water at 250-374°C under a pressure of 4-22 MPa. The process can also be carried out under self-generated pressure. The hydrothermal process is divided into two reaction conditions, namely subcritical and supercritical water conditions. These two conditions are determined by the critical point of water (i.e., 374°C and 22.1 MPa). Subcritical water is classified below the critical point at a 100-374°C temperature range and under sufficient pressure to remain liquid. Supercritical water occurs when the temperature is above 374°C and the pressure is above 22.1 MPa. The decomposition steps of biomass during the hydrothermal process can be summarized as follows: at approximately 100°C, the water-soluble portion of the biomass disperses into water, and hydrolysis takes place above 150°C. Meanwhile, biomass polymers (i.e., cellulose and hemicellulose) disintegrate into their monomeric chains. At approximately 300°C and 10 MPa, liquefaction occurs and bio-oil is obtained.<br />
<br />
=== Technologies ===<br />
<br />
* HTC occurs at temperatures between 180°C and 250°C and pressure of 2-4 MPa. This is the mildest of the three hydrothermal processing routes. The main product of HTC is solid hydrochar. <br />
<br />
* HTL utilises subcritical water and occurs at temperatures between 250°C and 374°C and pressures up to 18 MPa. The main product of HTL is a liquid biocrude.<br />
<br />
* HTG or supercritical water gasification (SCWG) occurs at temperatures above 374°C and higher pressures beyond 20 MPa. The main product of HTG is a syngas.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
Depending on the technology, hydrochar, biocrude or syngas is produced. The produced gas is not the same as conventional syngas from [[gasification]], which is comprised of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Nevertheless, the gas is referred to as syngas but is typically high in either hydrogen or methane with carbon dioxide also present. The hydrochar can be utilised as fertilizers, adsorbents, and wastewater treatments. The intermediate biocrude can be further upgraded to liquid hydrocarbon fuels via catalytic hydrotreatment.<br />
<br />
=== Post-treatment ===<br />
<br />
== Technology providers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+'''Technology comparison'''<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Gasifying agent<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil<br />
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas<br />
|-<br />
! style="height:1.8em;"|<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrothermal processing#Lule.C3.A5 University of Technology LTU|Luleå University of Technology LTU]]<br />
| Sweden<br />
| -<br />
| Organosolv pre-treatment<br />
| 6-7<br />
| -<br />
|30<br />
|230<br />
|Continuous organosolv reactor<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrothermal processing#Montinutra OY|Montinutra OY]]<br />
| Finland<br />
| -<br />
| Hydrothermal processing, pressured hot water extraction<br />
| 7<br />
| 0.11<br />
| -<br />
|150-200<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hydrothermal processing#SCF Technologies A.2FS|SCF Technologies A/S]]<br />
|Denmark<br />
| -<br />
|CatLiq<br />
|6-7<br />
|15000<br />
|250<br />
|>400<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hydrothermal processing#TerraNova Energy GmbH|TerraNova Energy GmbH]]<br />
|Germany<br />
| -<br />
|TerraNova ultra<br />
|8-9<br />
| -<br />
|20-35<br />
|180-200<br />
|Hydrothermal carbonization<br />
| -<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|TRL=6-7|Gasifying agent=not relevant|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Pressure=Up to 30 bar|Temperature=Up to 230 °C|Other=not relevant}}<br />
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.<br />
<br />
=== Montinutra OY ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Montinutra Oy|Country=Finland|Contact=Jaakko Pajunen, Managing Director<br />
Mobile: +358 44 34 35 162<br />
Email: firstname.lastname(at)montinutra.com|Webpage=https://www.montinutra.com|Technology name=Hydrothermal processing, pressured hot water extraction|TRL=7|Capacity=1 metric ton per year|Feedstock=woody biomass, forest industry side stream, sawdust, spruce|Product=- SpruceSugar (a galactoglucomannan rich pressurised hot water extract); <br />
- thermally treated wood for biocomposites, or furniture, or MDF; <br />
- lignin extract<br />
- other on demand|Gasifying agent=not relevant|Pressure=disclosed on demand|Reactor=not relevant|Temperature=150-200|Other=not relevant|Image=Montinutra_logo.jpg}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Montinutra produces high value bioactive products from forest industry side streams. Our mission is to convert forest industry side streams into valuable ingredients for the cosmetics, food & beverage and chemical industries with our scalable technology. Montinutra has strong research and innovation background and a solid patent portfolio in key markets globally.<br />
<br />
Roadmap: we are currently operating in pilot-scale. Our operation in Turku have capability and knowhow to extract high value bioactive compounds out of sawdust. Preparing to build industrial scale operation in 2023-2024 that will produce sustainable and ethical Sprucegum™ extract from sawdust. Sawmills produce millions of tons of sawdust and bark globally. Current commercial value of these side streams is low. Montinutra can add significant value by extracting high value bioactive compounds from those low value side streams. Sawdust and bark are usually incinerated in bio-power plants and the economic value add remains low, in addition to which the burning process causes greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
<br />
=== TerraNova Energy GmbH ===<br />
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Terranova Energy GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@terranova-energy.com|Technology name=TerraNova ultra|TRL=8-9|Pressure=20 - 35|Temperature=180 - 200|Reactor=Hydrothermal carbonization|Feedstock=Dewatered sewage sludge or shredded biowaste with a dry matter content of 5-30%|Product=biocoal; carbon-rich process water (by-product)|Webpage=https://www.terranova-energy.com/en/}}<br />
TerraNova Energy is a pioneer in Hydrothermal Carbonization of sludge and biowaste. In 2010, TerraNova Energy constructed the first HTC demonstration plant in Europe, and subsequently, constructed the first commercial HTC plant worldwide in 2016. The advantage of the TerraNova ultra process is that it takes place in an aqueous environment, so that no drying of the input material is necessary. Furthermore, the TerraNova ultra units have a highly efficient recovery system, which minimizes the heat demand of the HTC process. The HTC coal contains hardly any water and, thanks to its high energy content, can be used for climate-friendly energy generation in coal-fired power plants or as a substitute for fossil fuels in cement plants or waste incineration plants.<br />
<br />
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==<br />
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B86%5D=86&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]<br />
<br />
== Patents ==<br />
Currently no patents have been identified.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conversion]]<br />
[[Category:Technologies]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4418Main Page2023-03-09T11:49:20Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
== Where we are ==<br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
== Want to get involved? ==<br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4417Main Page2023-03-09T11:43:50Z<p>Lars Krause: /* How to work with the wiki */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
== Where we are ==<br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
== Want to get involved? ==<br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4416Main Page2023-03-09T11:41:20Z<p>Lars Krause: /* How to work with the wiki */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
== Want to get involved? ==<br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4415Main Page2023-03-09T11:38:57Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
'''''Want to get involved?'''<br/> <br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Tech4Biowaste:About&diff=4414Tech4Biowaste:About2023-03-09T11:38:12Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste sq-n.png|thumb|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]<br />
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Structure and content of the Tech4Biowaste database]]<br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE'''<br/><br />
A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
<br />
Bio-waste is a key waste stream in Europe with a high potential for contributing to a more circular economy. The Tech4Biowaste project will pave the way for deployment of bio-waste technologies and technology configurations by setting-up a database providing a comprehensive technology overview (TRL 4-9) for the valorisation of bio-waste (food waste, garden waste, municipal waste) into value added applications including organic soil improvers, fertilisers, organic chemicals, fuels and energy.<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology providers can showcase new and emerging technologies, even at lower TRL. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies. Both categories of users can assess their commercialisation potential through the associated decision support tool.<br />
<br />
The Tech4Biowaste database will be composed of unique features based on the latest IT technologies, including artificial intelligence, and use of Open Source software. In order to catalyse significant database usage and future growth, it directly builds on the [[Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant]] (BBEPP)-led [[Pilots4U_Database|Pilots4U network]] and links with the [[nova-Institut GmbH]] (nova)-led (parallel-developed) [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]. A hybrid model will be used to populate the database, combining inputs from the consortium’s publishers’ team, a community of volunteers, and automated scripts and tools („bots").<br />
<br />
Tech4Biowaste will mobilise stakeholders (incl. intended users and contributors) for direct involvement (Co-creation, Training, Testing Panel, and Advisory Board) e.g. in the design of the database, in the development of a continuation and expansion scenario and finally for the Business Plan targeting sustained growth and continuity of the open platform<br />
<br />
== Objectives ==<br />
Main objectives of the Tech4Biowaste project are:<br />
*To offer stakeholders along the bio-based value-chain with different backgrounds and expertise a '''one-stop and comprehensive bio-waste technology overview''' that allows to analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
* To reach the stakeholders through offering high visibility and unique features based on the '''latest IT technologies''' as well as '''co-creation''' and '''training''' opportunities, generating significant database usage for those interested in bio-waste utilisation and valorisation technologies.<br />
* To pave the way for the '''deployment of bio-waste technologies''' and technology configurations by assessing the '''commercialisation potential''' with respect to continuity planning for technology suppliers, technology searchers and users reflecting regional differences in bio-waste availability and composition.<br />
* To generate and engage an increasing number of database users for future '''database expansion''' by embedding and integrating the bio-waste technology database into the Renewable Carbon Community platform. Thus actively targeting stakeholders within the broader areas of biomass utilisation and linked technologies.<br />
* To ensure the '''long-term operation''' of the database by setting up a business model and governance structure for the platform.<br />
<br />
== History and timeline ==<br />
[[File:Tech4Biowaste Timeline.png|thumb|Timeline of the Tech4Biowaste project]]<br />
The Tech4Biowaste project officially startet in April 2021. In general, the project is divided in 4 phases which are:<br />
<br />
* Feasibility<br />
* Validation<br />
* Roll-out<br />
* Expansion<br />
<br />
After the official end of the project in April 2023 the Tech4Biowaste database continues its operation and will be available for users and contributors.<br />
<br />
== Consortium and management structure ==<br />
[[File:Tech4Biowaste Management structure.png|thumb|Management structure of the Tech4Biowaste project]]<br />
The Tech4Biowaste consortium is composed of three European-based companies including:<br />
*[[Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant]] (BBEPP) represented by:<br />
**[[User:Anneleen_De_Vriendt|Anneleen De Vriendt]]<br />
**[[User:Katrien_Molders|Katrien Molders]]<br />
**[[User:Stef_Denayer|Stef Denayer]]<br />
**[[User:Tanja_Meyer|Tanja Meyer]]<br />
*[[BTG Biomass Technology Group BV]] (BTG) represented by:<br />
**[[User:Bas_Davidis|Bas Davidis]]<br />
**[[User:John_Vos|John Vos]]<br />
**[[User:Jurjen_Spekreijse|Jurjen Spekreijse]]<br />
*[[nova-Institut für politische und ökologische Innovation GmbH]] (nova) represented by:<br />
**[[User:Achim_Raschka|Achim Raschka]]<br />
**[[User:Freya_Sautner|Freya Sautner]]<br />
**[[User:Lars_Krause|Lars Krause]]<br />
**[[User:Raimond_Spekking|Raimond Spekking]]<br />
<br />
== Call-to-Action and release video campaign==<br />
A Call-to-Action and release video was created by the Tech4Biowaste team under the creative and organisational lead of [[Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|BBEPP]] and [[Nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH|nova]]. Production and direction by [https://tatp.be/#home|"Tell All The People"]. The "actors" are all from the [[Tech4Biowaste:About#Consortium_and_management_structure|Tech4Biowaste consortium]]. Filming locations are the BBEPP pilot facilities in Ghent, Belgium and the Wikipedia Bureau in Cologne, Germany.<br />
{{YouTube|videocode=RWMW7nWe50c|direction=center}} {{YouTube|videocode=K0WRomTJpLU|direction=center}}<br />
<br />
== Funding ==<br />
This project reveives funding from the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101023200.<br />
[[File:Logo Horizon 2020.jpg|thumb|left|]]<br />
[[File:Logo BIC.jpg|thumb|left|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tech4Biowaste]]<br />
[[Category:Tech4Biowaste partner|!]]</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4413Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:37:12Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Feedstocks'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Technologies'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Products'''<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Biowaste]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Decision_support_tool]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4412Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:32:07Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Feedstocks'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Technologies'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Products'''<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Biowaste]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Decision_support_tool]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4411Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:31:12Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Feedstocks'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Technologies'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Products'''<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Decision_support_tool]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4410Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:29:41Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Feedstocks ([[Biowaste]])'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Technologies'''<br />
|class="cd-background-darkgreen cd-text-yellow" style="text-align:center"| '''Products'''<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Decision_support_tool]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4409Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:22:03Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks ([[Biowaste]]) !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|center|link=[[Decision_support_tool]]]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige"|[[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|center|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|class="cd-background-beige" style="text-align:center"|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4408Main Page2023-03-09T09:08:35Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo|link=]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
[[Image:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|center|400px|link=]]<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
'''''Want to get involved?'''<br/> <br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4407Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:07:51Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks ([[Biowaste]]) !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|link=]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|link=[[Decision_support_tool]]]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4406Main Page2023-03-09T09:05:28Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
[[Image:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|center|400px|link=]]<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
'''''Want to get involved?'''<br/> <br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4405Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T09:04:45Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks ([[Biowaste]]) !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px|link=]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px|link=]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px|link=]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4404Main Page2023-03-09T08:49:47Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Database content */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
'''''Want to get involved?'''<br/> <br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4403Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T08:47:51Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks ([[Biowaste]]) !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4402Main Page2023-03-09T08:45:51Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|200px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
<br />
== Database content ==<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
<br />
=== Technologies ===<br />
* [[Pre-processing]]<br />
* [[Conversion]]<br />
* [[Post-processing]]<br />
<br />
=== Feedstocks ([[biowaste]]) ===<br />
* [[Food waste]]<br />
* [[Garden and park waste]]<br />
<br />
=== Products ===<br />
* [[Chemicals]]<br />
* [[Energy and fuels]]<br />
* [[Food ingredients]]<br />
* [[Materials]]<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
'''''Want to get involved?'''<br/> <br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4401Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T08:39:28Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=700px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|150x150px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|150x150px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|150x150px]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=4400Main Page2023-03-09T08:37:48Z<p>Lars Krause: /* Database content */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|300px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION<br />
<br />
The '''Tech4Biowaste project''' provides the bio-based industry with a complete overview of existing and emerging technologies for biowaste utilisation and valorisation. The technology database contain up-to-date information and is accessible to everybody. It will be helpful for a large number of stakeholders in and after the project duration and will provide information and technical details on the technologies for interested stakeholders and provide a platform for technology providers to show innovative technologies.<br />
<br />
This Wiki collects and showcases technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].<br />
<br />
== Database content ==<br />
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]<br />
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style) and will also be done after the project ends. The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below.<br />
{{Main page pictograms}}<br />
<br />
=== Technologies ===<br />
* [[Pre-processing]]<br />
* [[Conversion]]<br />
* [[Post-processing]]<br />
<br />
=== Feedstocks ([[biowaste]]) ===<br />
* [[Food waste]]<br />
* [[Garden and park waste]]<br />
<br />
=== Products ===<br />
* [[Chemicals]]<br />
* [[Energy and fuels]]<br />
* [[Food ingredients]]<br />
* [[Materials]]<br />
<br />
== Partner projects ==<br />
* [[Pilots4U Database]]<br />
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]<br />
* [https://www.bioeconomyventures.eu/ BioeconomyVentures]<br />
<br />
== Other interesting projects ==<br />
* [[Other projects]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;"><br />
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;"><br />
<br />
== How to work with the wiki ==<br />
The Tech4Biowaste wiki provides information on technologies to utilise biowastes and showcases technology providers. There are several ways to use the wiki depending on your needs. If you are searching for technologies you can use the integrated search on the top of this page but you also can use some tools provided by the consortium.<br />
<br />
The [[decision support tool]] (DST) will help technology searchers to find a suitable technology to process specific feedstocks into specific products.<br />
<br />
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.<br />
<br />
On the technology pages you also will find you will find a description of the specific technologies available together with profiles of the different technology providers. The section for the technology providers starts with a technology comparison table to identify suitable technologies for different types of biomass ([[Anaerobic digestion#Technology providers|example on anaerobic digestion]]).<br />
<br />
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/f/f5/22-11-21_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide] and [[Help:Company profile#User guide and tutorial videos|tutorial videos]]. For any further needed assistance please mailto:help@tech4biowaste.eu<br />
<br />
'''''Where we are'''<br/> <br />
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:<br />
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}<br />
* At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies {{OK}}<br />
* '''In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public'''<br />
<br />
'''''Want to get involved?'''<br/> <br />
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer '''“How-to-Wiki” training sessions''' on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''<br />
<br />
The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4399Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T08:34:33Z<p>Lars Krause: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=750px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|200x200px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|200x200px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|200x200px]]<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Food waste]] </br><br />
[[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Pre-processing]] </br><br />
[[Conversion]] </br><br />
[[Post-processing]]<br />
|align=center|<br />
[[Chemicals]] </br><br />
[[Energy and fuels]] </br><br />
[[Food ingredients]] </br><br />
[[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krausehttps://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_page_pictograms&diff=4397Template:Main page pictograms2023-03-09T08:29:33Z<p>Lars Krause: Created page with "{| class="wikitable" width=750px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+'''Database content''' ! Feedstocks !! Technologies !! Products |- ! Image:23..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" width=750px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+'''Database content'''<br />
! Feedstocks !! Technologies !! Products<br />
|-<br />
! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 02.png|200x200px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 01.png|200x200px]] !! [[Image:23-03-09 Tech4Biowaste-Icons 03.png|200x200px]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Food waste]]<br />
* [[Garden and park waste]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Pre-processing]]<br />
* [[Conversion]]<br />
* [[Post-processing]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Chemicals]]<br />
* [[Energy and fuels]]<br />
* [[Food ingredients]]<br />
* [[Materials]]<br />
|}</div>Lars Krause