Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Pulping and fractionation

2023-03-03T10:16:56Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Added Bloom

{{Infobox technology|Name=Pulping and fractionation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|Other processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Woody biomass|Product=Pulp and lignin}}

'''Pulping''' is a process that extracts fibrous material from biomass, most commonly as a precursor for paper making. The process is often combined with '''fractionation''' processes to separate and valorise lignin. Pulping and fractionation processes separate the fibrous cellulose and lignin from the other components and impurities in the biomass. Main processes are mechanical, chemical, and a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping in a hybrid pulping process. Mechanical pulping relies on physical separation methods without added chemicals. However, water can be added to reduce the damage to the fibres from friction. Chemical pulping uses chemicals to remove the lignin from the pulp, resulting in a higher quality pulp. Hybrid technologies use chemicals to soften the lignin before a physical separation results in a pulp that still contains a substantial amount of the lignin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=|title=PrintWiki, The Free Encyclopedia of Print|e-pub date=|date accessed=6-9-2021|url=http://printwiki.org/Pulping}}</ref> Finally, biological pulping uses biotechnology for the pulping process<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=A review of the traditional pulping methods and the recent improvements in the pulping processes|year=2021-01-03|author=Drake Mboowa|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-020-01243-6}}</ref>.

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Pulping is performed on feedstock with a high fibre content. Before the pulping process, any material that is low in fibrous material should be removed. For example, wood undergoes debarking before the pulping process. Next, the biomass should be [[Sizing|sized]], for example by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]].<ref name=":0" /> The most common feedstock for pulping is woody biomass. Examples of non-woody biomass are sisal, rice straw, cotton linen, sugarcane bagasse, pineapple, and straw.<ref name=":1" />
===Pre-treatment===
The used biomass for pulping and fractionation process is often woody biomass. This feedstock first needs to be debarked and then [[Sizing#chipping|chipped]].

==Process and technologies==
===Chemical pulping===
The chemicals in chemical pulping allow for a near complete removal of the lignin from the biomass. This results in high quality pulps, which can be used for printing and writing paper. However, the yield of chemical pulping is generally lower than other methods, resulting in more expensive pulps.<ref name=":0" />
====Dissolving pulp and organosolv====
Dissolving pulp, and more specifically organosolv processes, is a typical example of the combination of pulping and fractionation. Dissolving pulp production entails a hydrolysis step before the pulping process, which is commonly sulfate or sulfite pulping. Most common method is to apply steam to the biomass, which hydrolyses and removes the hemicellulose and dissolves the organic acids. Organosolv methods, where organic solvents are introduced, can be used on biomass types that are not suitable for dissolving pulp technologies.<ref name=":1" />
====Cold soda pulping====
Cold soda pulping uses room temperature sodium hydroxide (20 to 30 °C) before a disk refining. The cold soda uses a fast impregnation of the biomass, which reduces the losses in lignin and polyose, resulting in high yields (85 – 92%). It can be combined with the Kraft process to recover the sodium hydroxide. The resulting pulp has a low brightness, but can be bleached with peroxide-hypochlorite.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphate pulping (Kraft)====
The Kraft process is the most common pulping process used globally. It uses the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at elevated temperatures (155 – 180 °C) and a steam pressure of 800 kPa to break down the lignin in the biomass. The lignin breaks down into hydroxyl and hydrosulfide ions, which dissolve in the liquor. Part of the hemicellulose and cellulose is also broken down by the treatment. The used chemicals are known as black liquor, which contains lignin, hemicellulose and extractives (oils, resins, and terpenes). The chemicals can be recovered and replenished with sodium salt, resulting in a cost-effective process.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphite pulping====
Sulfite pulping is similar to sulfate pulping, where both methods cook the biomass with chemicals to cleave the lignin bonds. In sulfite pulping a bisulfite of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, or sodium is used together with sulfur dioxide. Unlike Kraft pulping, this process is sensitive to extractives, which makes the process unsuitable for hardwood species. Moreover, chemical recovery is nearly impossible. The resulting pulp is brighter, easier to bleach and refine compared to Kraft pulp. <ref name=":1" />
===Hybrid pulping===
In hybrid pulping, the lignin is softened by chemicals, such as Sodium Sulfite and alkaline salts, before a mechanical pulping step. This results in stiff fibres which are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />
====Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP)====
In chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping, the biomass is pre-treated by steam and chemicals. The steam and chemicals soften the lignin, which reduces the mechanical energy required for the pulping. The pulp is obtained in high yields (85-95%) and has a high strength, suitable for high-grade printing paper.<ref name=":1" />
====Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC)====
The Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC) technology uses a combination of chemical pulping and refining. First the biomass is impregnated with sodium sulfite at 160 to 190 °C to remove lignin. Anthraquinone can be added to increase the rate of delignification. The sulfite is usually combined with a buffer solution to negate the effect of released organic acids. A second step in the process is a disk refining. Up to 15 to 20% of the lignin remains in the NSSC pulp, which is often used in unbleached products, where strength and stiffness are required.<ref name=":1" />
===Mechanical pulping===
Mechanical pulping is inexpensive and results in the highest yields. However, mechanical pulp also results in paper with a large number of imperfections. Technological advances are improving the quality of mechanical pulps, while maintaining the low cost and high yields.<ref name=":0" />
====Groundwood====
Stone groundwood pulping is the oldest mechanical pulping method, where the biomass is pressed against a rotating grindstone. The grindstone breaks apart the biomass into thin fibres and fragments, which are washed away with a water stream. The friction results in an increased temperature, which helps the process. The product stream is scanned to remove the larger particles, then the water is removed to thicken the pulp. The process has high yields (about 95%), because most lignin remains in the product. Next to stone groundwood, there are also '''pressure groundwood''', where additional pressure is applied and '''thermal groundwood''', which sues elevated temperatures.<ref name=":1" />
====Refiner====
=====Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)=====
In a refiner mechanical pulping process, the biomass is ground between rotating metal discs or plates. In a first step, the biomass is defibrated into separate individual fibres. In a second step, the fibres are loosened. The RMP pulp is stronger, freer, bulkier, and darker compared to traditional SGW pulp.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)=====
In this refiner process the biomass is preheated by impregnation of steam under pressure. The high temperature (115-155 °C) softens the lignin and helps in fibre separation. The refining takes place in two steps, the first at elevated pressure and temperature, around the glass transition temperature of lignin (140 °C), the second at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The resulting yields are high (>93%) and the pulp is characterised by its high strength.<ref name=":1" />
===Biological pulping===
Biological pulping takes advantage of natural methods to break down fibrous materials. For example, white-rot fungi can be used to soften and remove lignin.<ref name=":1" />
==Product==
The resulting product of the pulping process, called pulp, can be further processed into many paper and board products. Depending on the qualities of the pulp, different products are made. Mechanical pulps, which are low quality pulps, are suitable for low-quality paper, such as newspaper, catalogues, paper towels, tissues, and sanitary papers. High quality pulps from chemical pulping are used for printing and writing paper. Finally, the hybrid pulping processes give pulps with stiff fibres and are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />

The resulting products from fractionation processes include also lignin or lignin derivatives.
===Post-treatment===
After the pulping process, a paper-making process follows, which converts the pulp to paper and cardboard products.

In the case of a fractionation lignin products are formed as well. Depending on the application, lignin can be used as is, or chemically treated, for example by a sulfonation reaction.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Reagent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Yield [%]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Pulping and fractionation#Valmet|Valmet]]
|Finland
| -
|Chemical and mechanical pulping
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Bloom Biorenewables Ltd ===
{{Infobox provider-pulping|Company=Bloom Biorenewables Ltd|Image=LogoBloom.png|Country=Switzerland|Contact=info@bloombiorenewables.com|Webpage=https://www.bloombiorenewables.com/|Technology name=Aldehyde-assisted fractionation (AAF)|TRL=5-6|Pressure=1|Temperature=80 - 100|Capacity=5|Reagent=Organic solvent, acid, aldehyde|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Ingredients for fine chemicals, bulk chemicals and fuels, with a focus on fragrances, cosmetics, additives, bioplastics, resins.}}
Bloom Biorenewables Ltd is a chemical technology provider offering new routes for the synthesis of sustainable materials, such as fine chemicals, bulk chemicals, bioplastics and biofuels. Based on its patented technology developed at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bloom is a pioneer in the development of scalable technologies to selectively and efficiently convert the most abundant biopolymers on Earth – cellulose, hemicellulose & lignin – to replace everyday fossil products. Plants are one of the most accessible sources of sustainable carbon and will play an essential role on the path towards zero emission materials and fuels. Bloom’s vision is to bringing Bloom’s Aldehyde-Assisted Fractionation technology (AAF) to the market as fast as possible to help accelerate the certain shift towards a fully circular society.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Formaldehyde stabilization facilitates lignin monomer production during biomass depolymerization|year=2016-10-21|author=Li Shuai, Masoud Talebi Amiri, Ydna M. Questell-Santiago, Florent Héroguel, Yanding Li, Hoon Kim|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6310|page=329–333|doi=10.1126/science.aaf7810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Protection Group Effects During α,γ-Diol Lignin Stabilization Promote High-Selectivity Monomer Production|year=2018-01-26|author=Wu Lan, Masoud Talebi Amiri, Christopher M. Hunston, Jeremy S. Luterbacher|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=57|issue=5|page=1356–1360|doi=10.1002/anie.201710838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sustainable polyesters via direct functionalization of lignocellulosic sugars|year=2022-09|author=Lorenz P. Manker, Graham R. Dick, Adrien Demongeot, Maxime A. Hedou, Christèle Rayroud, Thibault Rambert|journal=Nature Chemistry|volume=14|issue=9|page=976–984|doi=10.1038/s41557-022-00974-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stefania Bertella, Dr. Monique Bernardes Figueirêdo, Gaia De Angelis, Malcolm Mourez, Claire Bourmaud, Prof. Esther Amstad, Prof. Jeremy S. Luterbacher|year=2022|title=Extraction and Surfactant Properties of Glyoxylic Acid-Functionalized Lignin|journal=ChemSusChem|volume=15|issue=15|page=1|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202200270}}</ref>

The unique value of the company lies its ground-breaking technology, a strong portfolio of patents covering process and applications, a team of experts and a market validation on key products.

===Valmet===
{{Infobox provider-pulping|Company=Valmet|Country=Finland|Technology name=Chemical and mechanical pulping|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|TRL=9|Technology category=Other processes|Feedstock=Hardwoods, softwoods, bamboo|Product=Pulp}}
Valmet is a developer and supplier of process technologies, automation and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. The company has over 200 years of industrial history and was reborn through the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Group. Valmet offers tailored technology solutions for softwood and hardwood kraft pulp production, as well as various mechanical pulping technologies.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B91%5D=91&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Organosolv pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B97%5D=97&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Sulphate/Sulphite pulping)]
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
<references />

File:LogoBloom.png

2023-03-03T10:09:05Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by Bloom Biorenewables Ltd from Bloom Biorenewables Ltd with UploadWizard

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|date=2023-03-03
|source=Bloom Biorenewables Ltd
|author=Bloom Biorenewables Ltd
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=={{int:license-header}}==
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Chromatography

2023-03-02T15:20:59Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* W.R. Grace & Co. */ Added logo

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Chromatography}}
<onlyinclude>'''Chromatography''' enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components in a mixture. The mixture is composed of a ''mobile phase'' (fluid or gas) and a ''stationary phase''. The stationary phase is either a solid phase or a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface a solid support. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phase. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation Tecniques: CHROMATOGRAPHY|year=2016|author=Ozlem Coskun|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|doi=10.14744/nci.2016.32757}}</ref> Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mirna González-González, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa, Marco Rito-Palomares|year=2020|title=Chapter 5 - Recent advances in antibody-based monolith chromatography for therapeutic application|journal=Elsevier|volume=|issue=Approaches to the Purification, Analysis and Characterization of Antibody-Based Therapeutics|page=105–116|doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-103019-6.00005-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alternative bioseparation operations: life beyond packed-bed chromatography|year=2004-10-01|author=Todd M Przybycien, Narahari S Pujar, Landon M Steele|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=5|page=469–478|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.008}}</ref> Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive. <ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Hostettmann|year=1998|book_title=Preparative Chromatography Techniques : Applications in Natural Product Isolation|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|ISBN=978-3-662-03631-0}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Through the different chromatography forms and methods (as can be seen below), the possible biomass feedstocks are versatile. Examples are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review|year=2021-09-08|author=Jun Sheng Teh, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Farooq Sher|journal=Processes|volume=9|issue=9|page=1610|doi=10.3390/pr9091610}}</ref>

* Wood chip
* Residual bacterial biomass
* Sewage sludge
* Straw
* Stalk
*Algae biomass

=== Pre-treatment ===
As a purification and analytical process, possible pre-processes are for example<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Glucose and Bioethanol in Biomass with Current Methods and Sorbents|year=2013-09-01|author=M. Tian, K. H. Row|journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science|volume=51|issue=8|page=819–824|doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmt044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: Separation and Recovery of Sugars and Ionic Liquid from Biomass Hydrolysates|year=2013-11|author=Benjamin R. Caes, Thomas R. Van Oosbree, Fachuang Lu, John Ralph, Christos T. Maravelias, Ronald T. Raines|journal=ChemSusChem|volume=6|issue=11|page=2083–2089|doi=10.1002/cssc.201300267}}</ref>:

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Distillation]]
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Polymerisation]]
* [[Centrifugation]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Torrefaction]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Process and technologies==
To separate the components of a mixture, the mixture is dissolved in a substance, the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance, the stationary phase. The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is Chromatography and How Does it Work?|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is-chromatography/|Author=Thermo Fischer|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=14.02.2022}}</ref> The different molecules stay longer or shorter on the stationary phase, depending on their interactions with its surface sites. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation. A schematic illustration of the process can be seen below (illustrates column chromatography).

[[File:Column_chromatography_sequence.png|Process of a column chromatography]]

=== Chromatography methods ===
[[File:Chromatography.png|thumb|206x206px|Liquid chromatography]]
By altering the mobile phase, the stationary phase, and/or the factor determining speed of travel, a wide variety of chromatographic methods are available, each ideal for different mixtures. Some of the most common forms of chromatography are as follows.<ref name=":1" />

'''Techniques by physical state of the mobile phase'''

* Gas chromatography
** the mobile phase is gaseous
* Liquid chromatography
** the mobile phase is liquid

'''Techniques by chromatographic bed shape'''

* Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
** stationary phase is a thin layer of solid material, usually silica-based, and the mobile phase is a liquid
* Column chromatography
** stationary phase is within a tube (e.g. packed column with silica, as the illustration above)

'''Techniques by separation mechanism'''

* Ion exchange chromatography
** separates the components of a mixture based on their charge
* Size-exclusion chromatography
** separates molecules according to their size (Smaller molecules enter pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase)

==Products==
The products of a chromatography depend on which method is applied. When applying a gas chromatography the mobile phase is gaseous, while the stationary phase is solid or viscous liquid. The products here are then gases and the separated molecules are then either bound to the solid or liquid phase. When applying a liquid chromatography the mobile phase is liquid and the stationary phase is solid, leading to liquid and solid end products.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Extraction]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Chromatography#Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant|Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant]]
| Belgium
| -
| Chromatography
| 4-6
| -
| 8-900
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Chromatography#Veg.27Extra|Veg'Extra]]
| France
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 200-800
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Chromatography#W.R._Grace_.26_Co.|W.R. Grace & Co.]]
| Germany, Spain, Sweden
| -
| TRISYL (R) silicas
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Chromatography#XPure_Systems|XPure Systems]]
| The Netherlands
| -
| XPure-C, XPure-S, XPure-E, XPure-R
| 5-7
| 0.1-200
| 100-5000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant ===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|Country=Belgium|Webpage=https://www.bbeu.org/what-we-offer/technologies/product-recovery-and-purification/|Technology name=Chromatography|TRL=4-6|Other=Preparative chromatography unit (GRACE) – BENCH scale, adsorption chromatography for ATEX environment,|Capacity=-ion exchange in water treatment columns: lab scale up to 3000 L columns (and everything in between)
-Exclusion chromatography, bind & elute chromatography… in packed bed columns: 250 mL, 8 L, 10 L, 38 L, 60 L columns|Pressure=5|Temperature=50|Processable volume=8L; 38L; 80L; 900|Contact=chromatography@bbeu.org|Image=Logo Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant.png|Mobile phase=Process dependent! Mostly it is watery products but we can use solvents as well.|STationary phase=Resins = Process dependent!|Feedstock=chemical compounds of biological origin|Product=separated hydrocarbons}}
Bio Base provides scale up of chromatography processes from lab-scale up to 4000 L scale. There is mainly a very broad knowledge of anion exchange, cation exchange and activated carbon processes, since (economically) those are most realistic to scale-up.

===Veg'Extra===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Veg'Extra|Country=France|Webpage=https://en.vegextra.com/|Technology name=|Mobile phase=|STationary phase=|Temperature=|Pressure=|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Separated fractions|Processable volume=200 - 800}}

Veg’Extra has 25 years of experience with currently 300 tons of production per year. As a service provider, it supports you in your projects, advises you and sets up an industrial process for the production of your extracts (actives and ingredients). 25 employees have a wide range of expertise in extraction, separation, purification. Wide range of solvents can be used, except when it is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR).

===W.R. Grace & Co.===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=W.R. Grace & Co.|Country=Global|Contact=https://grace.com/forms/contact-us-product-and-services/|Webpage=https://grace.com/|Technology name=TRISYL (R) silicas|Mobile phase=Oil|STationary phase=99.7% SiO2|Temperature=70 - 90|Pressure=1|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Biobased diesel and HVO|Image=Grace_logo.jpg}}

Grace Catalysts Technologies and Grace Materials Technologies provide innovative products, technologies and services that improve the products and processes of our customers around the world. Grace was founded as W.R. Grace & Co. in 1854 in Peru and currently has global locations. Our assets and expertise enable us to collaborate with our customers from the R&D laboratory, through multiple pilot plants, on up through commercial production. Technology Centers are integrated with manufacturing so that commercialization of new products is accelerated. Award-winning Technical Service teams work seamlessly alongside customers to find ways to increase value in our customer processes as well as their products.

From pre-treatment of the vegetable oils and fats to the final polishing or post-treatment, Grace’s TRISYL® silica is proven technology that results in more process savings compared to clay or silicates. Our silica technology comprised of highly pure synthetic amorphous silica was developed for maximum adsorption and significantly reduces phospholipids, trace metals and animal proteins in both physical and chemical refining operations. Recommended for the pre-treatment of feedstock for both renewable diesel and first generation biodiesel, TRISYL® silica can also be used in biodiesel post-treatment by helping to substantially reduce the need for water washing. TRISYL® silica enables the economic conversion of biomass to biodiesel and renewable diesel to be more efficient and environmentally sustainable.

Renewable diesel – commonly referred to as green diesel or HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) – continues to grow in prevalence. Grace’s TRISYL® silica helps maximize service life of catalysts by consistently removing trace materials and impurities from difficult-to-refine feedback and helps achieve economies of scale in renewable diesel production. Unlike activated bleaching earth (ABE), TRISYL® silicas provide superior adsorption capacity for phospholipids and metals at all free fatty acid concentrations. This reduces costs on spent solids and disposal but also reduces oil lost during pre-treatment.

===XPure Systems===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=XPure Systems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=https://xpure-systems.com/|Technology name=XPure-C, XPure-S, XPure-E, XPure-R|Mobile phase=|STationary phase=|Temperature=|Pressure=Up to 30|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Separated fractions|Processable volume=100 - 5000|Capacity=0.1 - 200|TRL=5 - 7}}

XPure is committed to improving separation efficiency by designing and delivering innovative, customized continuous ion exchange and chromatography systems. XPure uniquely features expanded bed adsorption technology that is integrated in our SMB configured systems. This enables us to directly process particulates containing feed streams, for example from fermentation or plant based juice streams.

XPure’s Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) technology overcomes the intermittent nature of classical chromatography by introducing more columns, thus allowing for simultaneous separation to occur. XPure’s patented technology for continuous chromatography and ion exchange enables the isolation of desired components from such complex mixtures while improving yield and purity at lower costs. Our systems integrate modular and scalable simulated moving bed hardware with a smart and flexible software platform, enabling the flexibility to implement a wide range of process control strategies. This holistic approach reduces resin and solvent consumption and increases product concentrations, purity, and yields. This singular focus on process technology and equipment means we are independent of resin and media suppliers. Rather, our team of experts deliver the suitable and cost-effective solutions to meet your separation requirements.

XPure enables the purification of bio-based chemicals and mild fractionation of food components using an efficient technology that contributes to a sustainable process industry.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B73%5D=73&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Chromatography|Chromatography]]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Grace logo.jpg

2023-03-02T15:20:17Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by W.R. Grace & Co from https://grace.com/newsroom/logos-and-images/ with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=The logo of W.R. Grace & Co}}
|date=2021-03-25 13:30:19
|source=https://grace.com/newsroom/logos-and-images/
|author=W.R. Grace & Co
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Microwave treatment

2023-02-07T11:27:26Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biorenewables%20Development%20Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
|United Kingdom
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biowave Technologies|Biowave Technologies]]
| Ireland
| -
| Microwave pre-treatment
| 7
|500-8000
| -
|0.915
|30,000-300,000
| -
|500-8000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#Endeavour%20Energia%20Srl|Endeavour Energia Srl]]
|Italy
| -
|Endeavour Microwave Gasification
|6
|100
|>1400
| -
|100,000-200,000
|
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#MEAM International|MEAM International]]
|Belgium and the Netherlands
| -
|MEAM Dry series (HR)
| 9
|1000 to 150,000
|40 to 120
|0.915, 2.45, and 5.8
|10,000 to 500,000
| 2 to 30
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi|Technology name=Microwave furnaces|TRL=up to 8|Capacity=30|Power=6|Temperature=up to 1000C|Feedstock=lignocellulose biomass|Processable volume=various|Product=biochar, oil}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a long history of working with microwave technology for synthesis, extraction, hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Our microwave pyrolysis unit can pyrolyse a variety of biomass which can then be separated into bio-char and fractionated bio-oil using the integral product collection system. Our pyrolysis microwave unit is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This machine is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This unique patented technology was developed here at York and is particularly novel as it is a low temperature method (less than 200°C) and separates the bio-oil products into more useful groups. The second unit at the BDC is the Carbolite custom furnace - a continuous Inconel tube system with a designed temperature limit of 1000 °C. It allows the heating up of organic material in the absence of oxygen. This furnace has a 50 litre hopper and a heated section length of 2 metres with three programmable heated sections. Material is fed through the furnace via an auger system and can be ran in either continuous or batch mode. The throughput of the furnace is dependent on the material being processed, however there is a 60 litre collection bin and a 20 litre collection pot for any by-products being produced.

=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium and the Netherlands|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry series (HR)|Frequency=0.915, 2.45, and 5.8|Power=10 kW to 500 k|Temperature=40 to 120|Capacity=1000 to 150,000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.|TRL=4 - 9 (depending on specific case)|Contact=Kendra.Rademaker@meam-international.com|Penetration depth=2 - 30|Other=Combination with vacuum chamber is possible|Image=MEAMlogo.png}}

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specialising in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product. Combinations with vacuum chambers are also possible.

MEAM can deliver a variety of systems, with a wide variety of process details ranging from TRL 4 to 9. The specific conditions will depend on the exact product and process requirements. To ensure the optimal conditions, MEAM works together with clients for a technical and economic feasibility study. A parametric study will be performed to ensure the optimal conditions will be used in the final set up. Next to the listed processes, MEAM is continuously innovating and working on expanding the range of solutions.

Once a month a training day is organised by MEAM to teach the foundations of the technology and get hands-on experience. Visit the website for more information on the training day.

=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Microwave treatment

2023-02-07T11:26:30Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* MEAM International */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biorenewables%20Development%20Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
|United Kingdom
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biowave Technologies|Biowave Technologies]]
| Ireland
| -
| Microwave pre-treatment
| 7
|500-8000
| -
|0.915
|30,000-300,000
| -
|500-8000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#Endeavour%20Energia%20Srl|Endeavour Energia Srl]]
|Italy
| -
|Endeavour Microwave Gasification
|6
|100
|>1400
| -
|100,000-200,000
|
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#MEAM International|MEAM International]]
|Belgium and the Netherlands
| -
|MEAM Dry series (HR)
| 9
|1000 to 150,000
|40 to 120
|0.915, 2.45, and 5.8
|10,000 to 500,000
| 2 to 30
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi|Technology name=Microwave furnaces|TRL=up to 8|Capacity=30|Power=6|Temperature=up to 1000C|Feedstock=lignocellulose biomass|Processable volume=various|Product=biochar, oil}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a long history of working with microwave technology for synthesis, extraction, hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Our microwave pyrolysis unit can pyrolyse a variety of biomass which can then be separated into bio-char and fractionated bio-oil using the integral product collection system. Our pyrolysis microwave unit is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This machine is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This unique patented technology was developed here at York and is particularly novel as it is a low temperature method (less than 200°C) and separates the bio-oil products into more useful groups. The second unit at the BDC is the Carbolite custom furnace - a continuous Inconel tube system with a designed temperature limit of 1000 °C. It allows the heating up of organic material in the absence of oxygen. This furnace has a 50 litre hopper and a heated section length of 2 metres with three programmable heated sections. Material is fed through the furnace via an auger system and can be ran in either continuous or batch mode. The throughput of the furnace is dependent on the material being processed, however there is a 60 litre collection bin and a 20 litre collection pot for any by-products being produced.

=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium and the Netherlands|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry series (HR)|Frequency=0.915, 2.45, and 5.8|Power=10 kW to 500 k|Temperature=40 to 120|Capacity=1000 to 150,000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.|TRL=4 - 9 (depending on specific case)|Contact=Kendra.Rademaker@meam-international.com|Penetration depth=2 - 30|Other=Combination with vacuum chamber is possible|Image=MEAMlogo.png}}

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specialising in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product. Combinations with vacuum chambers are also possible.

MEAM can deliver a variety of systems, with a wide variety of process details ranging from TRL 4 to 9. The specific conditions will depend on the exact product and process requirements. To ensure the optimal conditions, MEAM works together with clients for a technical and economic feasibility study. A parametric study will be performed to ensure the optimal conditions will be used in the final set up. Next to the listed processes, MEAM is continuously innovating and working on expanding the range of solutions.

Once a month a training day is organised by MEAM to teach the foundations of the technology and get hands-on experience. Visit the website for more information on the training day.

=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Microwave treatment

2023-02-07T11:25:53Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biorenewables%20Development%20Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
|United Kingdom
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biowave Technologies|Biowave Technologies]]
| Ireland
| -
| Microwave pre-treatment
| 7
|500-8000
| -
|0.915
|30,000-300,000
| -
|500-8000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#Endeavour%20Energia%20Srl|Endeavour Energia Srl]]
|Italy
| -
|Endeavour Microwave Gasification
|6
|100
|>1400
| -
|100,000-200,000
|
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#MEAM International|MEAM International]]
|Belgium and the Netherlands
| -
|MEAM Dry series (HR)
| 9
|1000 to 150,000
|40 to 120
|0.915, 2.45, and 5.8
|10,000 to 500,000
| 2 to 30
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi|Technology name=Microwave furnaces|TRL=up to 8|Capacity=30|Power=6|Temperature=up to 1000C|Feedstock=lignocellulose biomass|Processable volume=various|Product=biochar, oil}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a long history of working with microwave technology for synthesis, extraction, hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Our microwave pyrolysis unit can pyrolyse a variety of biomass which can then be separated into bio-char and fractionated bio-oil using the integral product collection system. Our pyrolysis microwave unit is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This machine is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This unique patented technology was developed here at York and is particularly novel as it is a low temperature method (less than 200°C) and separates the bio-oil products into more useful groups. The second unit at the BDC is the Carbolite custom furnace - a continuous Inconel tube system with a designed temperature limit of 1000 °C. It allows the heating up of organic material in the absence of oxygen. This furnace has a 50 litre hopper and a heated section length of 2 metres with three programmable heated sections. Material is fed through the furnace via an auger system and can be ran in either continuous or batch mode. The throughput of the furnace is dependent on the material being processed, however there is a 60 litre collection bin and a 20 litre collection pot for any by-products being produced.

=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium and the Netherlands|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry series (HR)|Frequency=0.915, 2.45, and 5.8|Power=10 kW to 500 k|Temperature=40 to 120|Capacity=1000 to 150,000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.|TRL=4 - 9 (depending on specific case)|Contact=Kendra.Rademaker@meam-international.com|Penetration depth=2 - 30 cm|Other=Combination with vacuum chamber is possible|Image=MEAMlogo.png}}

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specialising in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product. Combinations with vacuum chambers are also possible.

MEAM can deliver a variety of systems, with a wide variety of process details ranging from TRL 4 to 9. The specific conditions will depend on the exact product and process requirements. To ensure the optimal conditions, MEAM works together with clients for a technical and economic feasibility study. A parametric study will be performed to ensure the optimal conditions will be used in the final set up. Next to the listed processes, MEAM is continuously innovating and working on expanding the range of solutions.

Once a month a training day is organised by MEAM to teach the foundations of the technology and get hands-on experience. Visit the website for more information on the training day.

=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Microwave treatment

2023-02-07T11:23:13Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* MEAM International */ completed profile

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biorenewables%20Development%20Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
|United Kingdom
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biowave Technologies|Biowave Technologies]]
| Ireland
| -
| Microwave pre-treatment
| 7
|500-8000
| -
|0.915
|30000-300000
| -
|500-8000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#Endeavour%20Energia%20Srl|Endeavour Energia Srl]]
|Italy
| -
|Endeavour Microwave Gasification
|6
|100
|>1400
| -
|100000-200000
|
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#MEAM International|MEAM International]]
|Belgium
| -
|MEAM Dry S48 HR
| -
|5000
|70
|2.45
|48000
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi|Technology name=Microwave furnaces|TRL=up to 8|Capacity=30|Power=6|Temperature=up to 1000C|Feedstock=lignocellulose biomass|Processable volume=various|Product=biochar, oil}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a long history of working with microwave technology for synthesis, extraction, hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Our microwave pyrolysis unit can pyrolyse a variety of biomass which can then be separated into bio-char and fractionated bio-oil using the integral product collection system. Our pyrolysis microwave unit is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This machine is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This unique patented technology was developed here at York and is particularly novel as it is a low temperature method (less than 200°C) and separates the bio-oil products into more useful groups. The second unit at the BDC is the Carbolite custom furnace - a continuous Inconel tube system with a designed temperature limit of 1000 °C. It allows the heating up of organic material in the absence of oxygen. This furnace has a 50 litre hopper and a heated section length of 2 metres with three programmable heated sections. Material is fed through the furnace via an auger system and can be ran in either continuous or batch mode. The throughput of the furnace is dependent on the material being processed, however there is a 60 litre collection bin and a 20 litre collection pot for any by-products being produced.

=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium and the Netherlands|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry series (HR)|Frequency=0.915, 2.45, and 5.8|Power=10 kW to 500 k|Temperature=40 to 120|Capacity=1000 to 150,000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.|TRL=4 - 9 (depending on specific case)|Contact=Kendra.Rademaker@meam-international.com|Penetration depth=2 - 30 cm|Other=Combination with vacuum chamber is possible|Image=MEAMlogo.png}}

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specialising in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product. Combinations with vacuum chambers are also possible.

MEAM can deliver a variety of systems, with a wide variety of process details ranging from TRL 4 to 9. The specific conditions will depend on the exact product and process requirements. To ensure the optimal conditions, MEAM works together with clients for a technical and economic feasibility study. A parametric study will be performed to ensure the optimal conditions will be used in the final set up. Next to the listed processes, MEAM is continuously innovating and working on expanding the range of solutions.

Once a month a training day is organised by MEAM to teach the foundations of the technology and get hands-on experience. Visit the website for more information on the training day.

=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:MEAMlogo.png

2023-02-07T11:21:25Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by MEAM International from MEAM International with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Logo of MEAM}}
|date=2023-02-07
|source=MEAM International
|author=MEAM International
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Microwave treatment

2022-12-13T09:55:20Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* This page is under construction by BTG. */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry S48 HR|Frequency=2.45|Power=48 k|Temperature=Max 70|Capacity=5000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.}}

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specializing in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications.

MEAM has developed an adapted continuous system, the MEAM DRY S48 HR, where the S stands for Sheet and HR for Heat Recovery, respectively. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Crystallisation and precipitation

2022-12-13T09:33:37Z

Jurjen Spekreijse:

{{Infobox technology|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Name=Crystallisation and precipitation|Feedstock=Solution with crystallisable ingredients}}
[[File:2021 Great Salt Lake 06.jpg|alt=Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA|thumb|Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA]]
<onlyinclude>'''Crystallisation''' is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."<ref>Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf</ref>

A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:NaCl octahedra and part of crystal.svg|alt=Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms|thumb|200x200px|NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

=== Pre-treatment ===

==Process and technologies==
Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
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=== HUAMO Group ===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=HUAMO Group|Country=China|Contact=info@huaromembrane.com|Webpage=https://www.huamofilter.com/air_flotation_equipment/|Technology name=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Watery mix|Capacity=5.000, 10.000, 20.000, 30.000, 40.000, 50.000, 60.000, 80.000, 100.000, 150.000, 200.000, 250.000, 300.000, can also be designed according to user needs|Processable volume=4.000 – 8.000|Other=Detachable|Separation type=Precipitation|Reactor=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation equipment|Product=Sludge and liquid phase|Image=HUAMO Group logo.png}}
Founded 2007 in Shanghai, '''HUAMO group''' has been focused on R&D, manufacturing and marketing of Reverse Osmosis Membrane, Ultrafiltration Membrane, Stainless Steel Filter and other water treatment products. Thanks to its cooperation with US high-tech companies, HUAMO has developed and launched its ultra-low pressure series and brackish water series RO Membranes.

===TECHNOFORCETM===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|TRL=9|Technology name=Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation|Other=Inside a Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC), a shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell. The product flows through in a nearly plug flow manner under uniform and gentle agitation. Multiple heating/cooling sections provide controlled temperature gradients. Gentle agitation minimizes breakage of crystals. It can have several openings along its length for addition of seeds or anti-solvents.|Agitator=Shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell|Processable volume=Continuous|Reactor=Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC)|Product=Any application where close crystal size distribution is desired|Separation type=Crystallisation|Feedstock=Bulk drugs and intermediates, fine chemicals, inorganic and organic salts}}

'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

===Condorchem Envitech===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=Condorchem Envitech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://condorchem.com/en/|Technology name=ENVIDEST MVR FC Forced Circulation|Other=Forced Circulation|Product=Concentrate & Distillate|Separation type=(vacuum) Evaporation|Feedstock=Industrial wastewater and other raw materials from industrial effluents|Reactor material=AISI 316L|Capacity=250 - 2000 L/h per modular unit}}

'''Condorchem Envitech''' is an environmental engineering firm providing water, effluent and air emissions treatment solutions for a wide range of industrial activities. We offer our clients comprehensive environmental project solutions, covering the following services: analysis, planning, design, construction, installation, maintenance and supply of plants and capital goods for waste treatment. Ever since the inception of our company we have promoted the implementation of the best available technologies, so as to ensure our clients are offered the best solutions for their specific needs.

ENVIDEST MVR FC evaporators are a new concept of mechanical vapour recompression forced circulation evaporators. A fast cool start system for preheating the water using electrical resistors, or using steam available.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B75%5D=75&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Ultrasonication

2022-12-01T15:54:55Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Biowaste]]
| Product = Biomass (dispersed, disrupted, emulsified, extracted, homogenised)
|Name=Ultrasonication|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Ultrasonication''' is a physical treatment to disperse, disrupt, emulsify, extract, and/or homogenise biomass via the application of ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz). The propagation of sound waves through the biomass results in spontaneous formation and collapse of microsized cavities. This activity produces a hot-spot effect, resulting in high temperature and pressure gradients to form locally, while the overall conditions remain ambient. This effect can be used to break down morphologies, for example for the depolymerisation of lignocellulosic biowaste.<ref name="Preeti">{{Cite book|author=Preeti Bhagwan Subhedar|year=2016|section_title=Use of Ultrasound for Pretreatment of Biomass and Subsequent Hydrolysis and Fermentation|book_title=Biomass fractionation technologies for a lignocellulosic feedstock based biorefinery|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=0-12-802561-1|editor=}}</ref></onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Composition===
The requirements on the composition of the feedstock may vary since ultrasonication can be utilised at various points in the value chain of biowaste valorisation.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Ultrasonication is often the first step of the pretreatment, although initial [[sizing]] may be required.

== Process and technologies ==
During the ultrasonication treatment, ultrasound is transmitted through any physical medium by waves that compress and stretch the molecular spacing of the medium through which it passes<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hugo Miguel Santos, Carlos Lodeiro, and José-Luis Capelo-Martínez|year=2008|section_title=The Power of Ultrasound|editor=José-Luis Capelo-Martínez|book_title=Ultrasound in Chemistry: Analytical Applications|publisher=Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|ISBN=9783527319343|place=Weinheim, Germany}}</ref>. The distance between the molecules will vary as they oscillate about their mean position<ref name=":0" />. When the negative pressure is large enough, the distance between the molecules of the liquid exceeds the minimum molecular distance required to hold the liquid intact, and then the liquid breaks down and voids (cavitation bubbles) are created<ref name=":0" />.

The medium for ultrasonication can be water, an organic solvent, or a dilute acid or base.<ref name="Preeti" />
[[File:Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors produced by Industrial Sonomechanics, LLC.jpg|alt=Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors|thumb|Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors produced by Industrial Sonomechanics, LLC]]

== Product ==
Ultrasonication can be used to produce:

* Emulsions (such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanocrystals, liposomes, wax emulsions)
* Extracts from biomass (such as polysaccharides<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification|year=2017-09-01|journal=Food Research International|volume=99|page=1011–1020|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016}}</ref>, oil, anthocyanins and antioxidants<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of ultrasound frequency on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of red raspberry puree|year=2013-09-01|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=20|issue=5|page=1316–1323|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.01.020}}</ref>)
* Purified wastewater

Furthermore, ultrasonication is also utilised in following processes:

* Adhesive thinning
* Cells disruption
* Degassing liquids
* Polymer and epoxy processing
* Ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurisation of crude oil<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Study on ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization for crude oil|year=2020-05-01|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=63|page=104946|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104946}}</ref>

=== Post-treatment ===
A common application for ultrasonication is breaking down the lignocellulosic structure. The available sugars can then be converted to products such as biofuels, for example by [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name="Preeti" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [kHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
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=== Everywave Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication|Company=Everywave Srl|Contact=info@everywave.eu|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.everywave.eu/en/|TRL=5|Technology name=FLOW:WAVE® Tubular reactor|Power=2000/4000|Other=Continuous process|Frequency=20/40|Processable volume=4|Product=emulsion, mixing, disintegration, sonochemistry, plant extraction, and bactericidal action.|Feedstock=By-products and biomasses (slurry, manure, sorghum, triticale, corn silage, other livestock waste, or residues from the agri-food industry, etc.)|Image=Everywavelogo.png|Capacity=2 tons/hour per single module}}
Everywave Srl is a spin-off from UNITECH Srl that specializes in the research, development and production of solutions in the ultrasound technologies. The continuous and rapid technological evolution and the need for ever higher quality standards require the daily research and development of increasingly innovative solutions where quality and reliability play an absolutely vital role in all working processes. Everywave’s mission has always been to find ideas and improvement solutions in the field of ultrasound technologies, with continuous support to its customers in order to optimize their productivity and therefore their competitiveness.

Today, with a specialized biomass treatment plant, the company also produces biogas from the same by-products: a source that reduces the energy supply costs necessary for the company and generates a new source of income. We have designed and produced a special ultrasonic reactor which, integrated with specialized systems for shredding, pumping and process control, represents a solid and efficient technology for controlling and increasing the production yield of biogas.

=== Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication|Company=Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH|Contact=info@hielscher.com|Country=Germany|Webpage=www.hielscher.com|TRL=9|Technology name=UIP16000|Power=40,000|Other=Biodiesel transesterification (12-50m³/h ) Emulsification (e.g. oil/water 6-32m³/h), Cell extraction (e.g. algae 1-12m³/h), Dispersion/deagglomeration (0.3-6m³/h), Wet milling (0.2-4m³/h)|Frequency=18|Processable volume=5|Product=Dispersion, Emulsion, Cell extract|Feedstock=Biomass, 2-phase systems|Image=Hielscher.png}}
Hielscher Ultrasonics specialises in the design and manufacturing of high power ultrasonic homogenisers for lab, bench-top and production level. Ultrasonic power is an effective and energy-efficient means to apply high shear and intense stress to liquids, powder/liquid mixtures and slurries. This makes it a strong alternative to high shear mixers, high pressure homogenisers and agitated bead mills. Hielscher ultrasonic devices are in use worldwide as laboratory mixers, high shear mixing equipment, full-size in-line homogenisers or particle mills. The applications include mixing, dispersing, particle size reduction, extraction and chemical reactions. Hielscher supply to various industry segments, such as nano-materials, paints & pigments, food & beverage, cosmetics, chemicals and fuels.

=== Doosan Enpure Limited ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication|Company=Doosan Enpure Limited|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=https://www.doosanenpure.com/|Technology name=SonixTM|Frequency=20|Product=Disintegrated material|Feedstock=Wastewater sludge, or any other biological or cellular material|Capacity=200 m3/d}}

Doosan Enpure Limited is a process engineering company specializing in water, wastewater and sludge treatment as well as waste-to-energy solutions with a global presence. We are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, a global conglomerate in the power and water infrastructure sector, headquartered in South Korea.

Doosan Enpure provides a wide range of sludge treatment processes to meet all legislative requirements as well as maximising the recovery of energy and other useful components of the sludge.

=== Ultrawaves ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication|Company=ULTRAWAVES - Water- and Environmental Technologies GmbH|Country=Germany|Webpage=https://ultrawaves.de/en/|Technology name=BIOSONATOR|Power=3kW to 10kW|Frequency=20 kHz to 1 MHz|Processable volume=20-50|Product=Disintegrated biomass for further processing|Feedstock=Renewable raw materials, maize, green waste, slurry, municipal and industrial wastewater|Capacity=10 to 33 L/min or 0.6 to 2 m3/h biomass suspension}}

ULTRAWAVES GmbH develops and markets innovative high-power ultrasonic systems for water and environmental engineering. Apart from the disintegration of biomass in wastewater treatment and biogas plants, the systems are also used in industrial applications. In 2001 Ultrawaves GmbH was founded as spin-off company from TUH. Our patented high-power ultrasound systems were and are developed on the basis of the wealth of knowledge acquired over many years. Ultrawaves is now the worldwide market leader for ultrasound applications in environmental engineering.

The BIOSONATOR is our new complete system consisting of a modular high-power ultrasound system, upstream a macerator and an eccentric screw pump as well as an intelligent control and automation technology with remote maintenance. As a plug and play system, the BIOSONATOR can be quickly and easily integrated into existing biogas plants.

=== VTA ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication|Company=VTA Technologie GmbH|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://vta.cc/en|Technology name=VTA GSD|Power=3 or 4 kW|Frequency=25|Processable volume=0.3 - 2.5 m3|Product=Dewatered sludge for efficient drying|Feedstock=Sewage sludge}}

VTA is an Austrian group which is successful all over the world. We develop and create innovative system products and technologies which set standards in the waste water and environmental engineering sector. These high-performance, cost-efficient and sustainable solutions are inspired by nature and its cycles.

Optimum sewage sludge treatment, stable digestion operation and reduction of costs – this is what reverse flow disintegration (GSD) with ultrasound, a patented process from VTA Technologie GmbH, has to offer. In VTA GSD, ultrasonic transducers digest the thickened sludge flowing through the disintegration reactor.

=== Weber ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication|Company=Weber Ultrasonics / ENTEC|Country=Germany|Webpage=https://www.weber-entec.com/en|TRL=9|Technology name=DesiUS/BIOPUSH|Power=2000 W per unit|Frequency=22|Product=Disintegrated biomass for further processing|Feedstock=Waste water, slurry, maize, silage, grass, manure/GPS}}

Weber Entec GmbH & Co. KG is a subsidiary of Weber Ultrasonics AG, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of ultrasound components and ultrasonic welding equipment. Weber Entec concentrates on systems engineering and applications using ultrasound in the field of environmental engineering, especially ultrasonic treatment of biogenic materials, known as disintegration. Weber Entec specializes in disintegration with ultrasound for wastewater treatment and biogas plants.

Because of its broad range of services, the company is a one-stop source for manufacturing, plant construction, sales, system analysis and process optimisation. Developed in a research project with the renowned Fraunhofer Institute, our subsidiary’s systems technology accelerates the decomposition of organic material. Today the Weber Entec technology is at work in biogas and water treatment plants all over the world. Customers benefit from efficient processes and a higher energy yield.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Everywavelogo.png

2022-12-01T15:37:07Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by EveryWave from EveryWave with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=EveryWave logo}}
|date=2022-12-01
|source=EveryWave
|author=EveryWave
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Centrifugation

2022-12-01T15:33:49Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Company name */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = All materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = Separated products
|Name= Centrifugation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Centrifugation''' is a mechanical separation process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution or liquids of different densities according to particle size, shape, density, viscosity and rotor speed. The more dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis. Next to the separation of solids from liquid, it is possible to obtain separation between two liquids of different densities as well, given that the density difference is large enough.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Centrifuga_Hermle_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Laboratory centrifuge]]
[[File:How centrifuge works.png|thumb|Testtube with precipitate (pellet) and supernatant after centrifugation|150x150px]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The centrifugation method is used to separate two miscible substances. The most common application is the separation of solids from highly concentrated suspensions, which is used in the treatment of sewage sludges for dewatering where less consistent sediment is produced. In the food industries, special centrifuges can process a continuous stream of particle-laden liquid.

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a centrifugation, in general no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fractions within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies like [[filtration]].

==Process and technologies==
There is a correlation between the size and density of a particle and the speed at which the particle separates from a heterogeneous mixture, when the only force applied is gravity. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture. By applying a larger effective gravitational force to the mixture, like a centrifuge does, the separation of the particles is accelerated. This way, in industrial and lab settings, particles that would naturally separate over a long period of time can be separated much faster.

The centrifugation speed is specified by the angular velocity, usually expressed as revolutions per minute (rpm), or acceleration expressed as ''g''. The conversion factor between rpm and ''g'' depends on the radius of the centrifuge rotor. The particles' settling velocity in centrifugation is a function of their size and shape, centrifugal acceleration, the volume fraction of solids present, the density difference between the particle and the liquid, and the viscosity.

The sedimentation of particles can be explained by Stoke's law. The equation can be used to calculate the velocity of sedimentation based on five parameters:
[[File:Stokes-equation.jpg|center]][[File:HD.16.088 (12523557255).jpg|alt=Picture showing basket centrifuge for the continuous collection of algae in 1966|thumb|Basket centrifuge for the continuous collection of algae in 1966|312x312px]]From the Stokes equation, five important behaviours of particles can be explained:

#The rate of particle sedimentation is proportional to the particle size
#The sedimentation rate is proportional to the difference in density between the particle and the medium.
#The sedimentation rate is zero when the particle density is the same as the medium density.
#The sedimentation rate decreases as the medium viscosity increases.
#The sedimentation rate increases as the gravitational force increases.

=== Disc-stack centrifugation ===
Disc-stack centrifugation is used for removing suspended solids from a liquid having a lower specific gravity than the solids. The solids content of the feed is usually in the range of 0.1-10 V/V%.
=== Basket centrifugation ===
Basket centrifuges are often called centrifugal filters or clarifiers. The basket centrifuge uses centrifugal force to generate a pressure which forces the liquid through the caked solids, the filter cloth, the backing screen, and finally the basket perforations. The filter cloth retains the solid particles inside the rotating basket while the permeating liquid is continuously discharged.
[[File:Solid Bowl Centrifuge 3.png|alt=Solid Bowl Centrifuge – A drawing showing the principle|thumb|Solid Bowl Centrifuge]]

=== Solid bowl centrifugation ===
The Solid Bowl centrifugation principle is schematically shown in the picture on the right. "Solid bowl centrifuges (SBCs), also known as decanter centrifuges, are widely used for various solid-liquid separation tasks, owing to its high-efficiency, small machine footprint and good continuity in production. In the SBC, once the slurry is fed through the centre-positioned feed pipe, solids can rapidly settle onto the drum wall and these settled solids are further dewatered on the conical section of the SBC before being discharged from the product chute. The clarified liquid, so-called effluent, overflows through the bowl weir."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Measurement of solids concentration in aqueous slurries for monitoring the solids recovery in solid bowl centrifugation|year=2021-08-15|author=Changzhi Bai, Hangil Park, Liguang Wang|journal=Minerals Engineering|volume=170|page=107068|doi=10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107068}}</ref>

==Products ==
The remaining liquid is called supernatant or supernate. The solids or pellets and the supernatant can be the final product or can be further processed.

=== Post-treatment===
The post-treatment of the precipitate and/or the supernatant is depending on the next steps within the production chain. A typical next step is to dry the solids for further processing.

== Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Relative centrifugal force [g]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Alfa Laval ===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Alfa Laval Corporate AB|Country=Sweden
|Contact=
|Webpage=https://www.alfalaval.com|Image=Logo Alfa Laval.png
|Technology name= AlfaPure|Feedstock=water and oil-based liquids|Product=seperated fractions
|TRL=commercial|Capacity=900-2000, 600-3000, 5000–7000|Temperature=0-80 (15-100)
}}

Alfa Laval is a leading global provider of first-rate products in the areas of heat transfer, separation and fluid handling. With these as its base, Alfa Laval aims to help enhance the productivity and competitiveness of its customers in various industries throughout the world. We define their challenges and deliver sustainable products and solutions that meet their requirements – mainly in energy, the environment, food and the marine industry.

* [https://www.alfalaval.com/globalassets/documents/products/separation/centrifugal-separators/disc-stack-separators/alfapures2_productleaflet_efu00129en.pdf Technical Details AlfaPure S2]
* [https://www.alfalaval.com/globalassets/documents/products/separation/centrifugal-separators/disc-stack-separators/alfapures3_productleaflet_efu00185en.pdf Technical Details AlfaPure S3]
* [https://www.alfalaval.com/globalassets/documents/products/separation/centrifugal-separators/separators/alfapure/product_leaflet_alfapure_s7_separator_and_system_en.pdf Technical Details AlfaPure S7]

=== Alfa Laval ===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Alfa Laval Corporate AB|Country=Sweden
|Contact=
|Webpage=https://www.alfalaval.com|Image=Logo Alfa Laval.png
|Technology name=Alfie|Feedstock=from water-based industrial fluids, coolants|Product=seperated / cleaned fractions
|TRL=commercial|Capacity=230-280|Temperature=5–50
}}

Alfa Laval is a leading global provider of first-rate products in the areas of heat transfer, separation and fluid handling. With these as its base, Alfa Laval aims to help enhance the productivity and competitiveness of its customers in various industries throughout the world. We define their challenges and deliver sustainable products and solutions that meet their requirements – mainly in energy, the environment, food and the marine industry.

Alfie is a simple to use separator: Turnkey, portable, small footprint, centrifugal disc stack separators that remove contaminating oil, grease and solid particles from water-based industrial fluids such as coolants and wash liquids.

* [https://www.alfalaval.com/globalassets/documents/products/separation/centrifugal-separators/disc-stack-separators/product-leaflet/efu00038en_lowres-3.pdf Technical Details Alfie 200]

===Tidy Planet===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Tidy Planet Limited|Country=United Kingdom|Image=TidyPlanetLogo.jpg|Contact=Huw Crampton|Webpage=https://tidyplanet.co.uk/|Technology name=DeHydra Super Compact|TRL=9|Capacity=700 kg/h|Feedstock=Food waste|Product=Ground and de-watered food waste|Rotor type=Screw system encapsulated in a stainless steel mesh with 1.5 mm perforations|processablevolume=700 - 1400 L/h|Temperature=5 - 60}}

Tidy Planet present the widest range of on-site food waste recycling products on the market, tested and manufactured to the highest quality standards here in the UK – tackling on-site, commercial food waste volumes ranging from 20kg to 20 tonnes of food waste per day.

The Dehydra Food Waste Dewatering system has the capacity to reduce food waste volume by up to 80% and weight by up to 50%, through a process of shredding and then using a centrifuge to separate the liquid wastes, such as sauces, soups and juices. The greatly reduced volume of finely shredded particles of food are captured and deposited into a bin in the footprint of the unit and the weighty liquid effluent disposed to sewer.

===Ecofast===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Ecofast Italia S.r.l.|Country=Italy|Webpage=www.ecofast.eu|Technology name=DeHydra SC1B|Rotor type=Pump rotor|Capacity=300 kg/h|Relative centrifugal force=930 rpm|Feedstock=Food waste|Product=De-watered food waste}}

Ecofast Italia is an innovative SME that designs and manufactures equipment to compact food waste in professional catering and catering. The use of our machines makes the kitchen more hygienic and clean and helps to improve the safety of the working environment. Less waste to be disposed of, less waste in landfills, less greenhouse gases produced for their collection.

From the beginning, the company’s activity has been characterized by a more marked technical connotation, carrying out, first in Italy, not only important tests in the use of food waste disposes, but an innovative research and development activity to the invention of new patents for new products/technologies in order to enhance a more sustainable and economic management of food waste. Ecofast Italia S.r.l. – Environmental Technology was established in Milan on November 23th 1998, at first to import and distribute food waste disposers for domestic and professional users, in Europe.

The DEHYDRA SC1 can be placed in the washing area or in cleaning areas of canteens and/or restaurants where it is required to dispose of up to 150 kgs per hour of food waste. Our compact food waste reduction machine is a stainless steel standalone de-watering solution, made up of a hydro extractor, and a centrifugal press which separates the liquid from the solid component. The DeHydra dewater apparatus is the only self-cleaning de-watering system that can be fitted with wastewater re-circulation.

===Flottweg===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Flottweg SE|Country=Germany|Webpage=https://www.flottweg.com/|Technology name=SEDICANTERS® S6E-3|processablevolume=Up to 50 m3/h|Rotor type=Flottweg Simp Drive®|Capacity=25 - 40 Mt/h|Relative centrifugal force=3650 rpm, 5000 x g|Temperature=Up to 100|Feedstock=Biomass, yeast suspensions, protein suspensions, fermentation broths etc.|Product=Clarification, dewatering, thickening of sludge, separation of three-phase mixtures, classification of solids, sorting of solids by density}}

Flottweg has their headquarters in Vilsbiburg, Germany and has been manufacturing centrifuges, belt presses, and processing systems for mechanical solid-liquid separation for more than 60 years. This technology encompasses core functions in many industrial sectors, i.e. clarifying liquids, separating liquid suspensions and concentrating and dewatering solids. Our company has grown to more than 750 employees and we achieve sales of 152 Million Euro, with an export rate of more than 85 %.

Flottweg Sedicanters® are used for the continuous separation of fine solids from liquids with the solids forming a soft to flowing sediment. Flottweg Sedicanters® are preferably used in cases where the solids are too fine to be effectively processed in a decanter and the sediment cannot be easily discharged from the decanter due to its soft consistency. Flottweg’s range of Sedicanter® sizes includes machines with capacities up to 50 m3 /h (220 gallons per minute).

===Imperial Machine Company Ltd. (IMC)===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Imperial Machine Company Ltd. (IMC)|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=https://www.lincat.co.uk/index.php?p=brands/imc|Capacity=700 kg/h|Feedstock=Soft waste (plate waste, vegetable peelings, meet and fish scraps), medium waste (small pork and chicken bones, vegetables and fruit), tough waste (all red meat bones, cauliflower stalks and fish skins).|Product=Dewatered and macerated food waste.}}

Imperial Machine Company (IMC) has their headquarters in Lincoln, UK and has been engineering catering solutions for more than 110 years. We have designed, installed and supported catering products for foodservice operations for generations; a fact we at IMC are immensely proud of.

Food waste typically represents around 40% of total commercial catering waste. It is difficult and costly to process and dispose of this efficiently. Of this 40%, approximately 77% is liquid. WasteStation grinds the food waste into fine particles, which are fed directly into a built-in dewatering system, or for where space in the kitchen is limited, a remote dewatering system. Through centrifugal action, excess liquid is forced out. The resulting solid fraction of the food waste is collected in small, easily managed, lidded bins, ready for onward processing.

===Rendisk===
{{Infobox provider-centrifugation|Company=Rendisk B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Capacity=450 kg/h|Feedstock=Food waste|Product=De-watered food waste|Webpage=https://www.rendisk.com/}}

Founded in Ruurlo, the Netherlands in 1973, Rendisk has grown to become a leader with the brand Rendisk in dishwashing logistics and food waste solutions for professional kitchens in locations around the world. We support kitchen teams with smart logistic solutions for dishwashing and groundbreaking solutions for processing your kitchen waste. All our efforts are focused on making work in the kitchen easier, more efficient and more sustainable. But always with care for the local and world environment most in mind.

The Rendisk Solus Eco is our most compact solution for food waste treatment and can rapidly deal with all kinds of organic food waste. Unique to the Solus Eco is that it’s a standalone unit. Thanks to its innovative technique it has an extremely small footprint and therefore fits in any kitchen or garbage room, but still can reduce your food waste massively.

The Rendisk Solus Eco is a clean and easy to use waste solution for restaurants and business restaurants, universities, hospitals, hotels, maritime areas and locations like holiday and entertainment parks. It’s the perfect food waste solution for anyone who believes in sustainability and efficiency. You simply load the food waste into the hopper. It is then ground and dehydrated using a special centrifugal technique. It’s due to this technique that the Solus Eco can reduce your food waste by up to 80%, lowering your removal cost dramatically. The Rendisk water management system reduces the water consumption considerably comparing with similar systems. Our smart technology reuses the water in the system allowing for a significant reduction in washed water.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B70%5D=70&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
*[[:en:Centrifugation|Centrifugation]] in Wikipedia
*[[:en:Centrifuge|Centrifuge]] in Wikipedia

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Microwave treatment

2022-11-30T14:57:50Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Company 1 */

Composting

2022-11-29T12:00:53Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Ekolive */

{{Infobox technology
| Picture = Tech4Biowaste.png
| Feedstock = [[Biowaste]] in general, [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)
| Product = [[Compost]]
|Name=Composting|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Composting''' is a biological process in which micro-organisms convert organic matter such as plant and animal scraps into soil-like material called [[compost]]. Compost is easier to handle than manure and other raw organic materials, stores well and is odor-free. Composting is an ancient technology, practiced today at every scale from the backyard compost pile to large commercial operations. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Composts can be made from most organic by-products. Common feedstocks are poultry, hog and cattle manures, food processing wastes, sewage sludge, municipal leaves, brush and grass clippings, sawdust, and other by-products of wood processing.

Ideally, several raw materials should be mixed together to create the "ideal" range of conditions, which are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Condition
!Ideal
|-
|C:N ratios of combined feedstocks
|25-35:1
|-
|Moisture content
|45-60 wt.%
|-
|Available oxygen concentration
|>10% or more
|-
|Feedstock particle size
|Variable
|-
|pH
|6.5-8.0
|-
|temperature
|54-60°C
|}

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment usually starts with a [[sizing]] activity by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]] the feedstock and subsequently the necessary structural material is mixed in. The purpose of the structural material is to prevent the organic material from caking together. The feedstock mixture is also stripped of metals by means of an electromagnet. In preparation for intensive ripening, a homogeneous airy material is obtained.

== Process ==
Composting occurs through the activity of micro-organisms naturally found in soils. Under natural conditions, earthworms, nematodes and soil insects do most of the initial mechanical breakdown of organic materials into smaller particles. Under controlled conditions, composters break down large particles through grinding or chopping. Once optimal physical conditions are established, soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa colonize the organic material and initiate the composting process. These mesophilic organisms function best at warm temperatures (10-45°C). As temperatures in the compost pile increase, thermophiles (i.e., micro-organisms that thrive at temperatures above 45°C) take over. In the active "thermophilic" phase, temperatures of 54-65°C are reached which is high enough to kill pathogens and weed seeds and to break down phytotoxic compounds (i.e., organic compounds toxic to plants). After the active composting phase, temperatures gradually decline to around 37°C. The mesophiles recolonize the pile and the compost enters the "curing phase". During curing, organic materials continue to decompose and are converted to biologically stable humic substances (i.e., the mature or finished compost). There is no clear defined time for curing. Common practices in commercial composting operations range from one to four months.

=== Bioremediation ===
Bioremediation techniques are destruction techniques to stimulate the growth of micro-organisms, using the contaminants as a food and energy source. These techniques have been successfully used to remediate soils/sludges & groundwater contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals. Oxygen, water & nutrients are added, and the temperature and pH are controlled. The rate microorganisms degrade the contaminants is influenced by: the specific contaminants present, their concentrations, the oxygen supply, moisture, temperature, pH, nutrient supply, bio-augmentation, and co-metabolism. Micro-organisms can be adapted to degrade specific contaminants or enhance the process.

==== Process ====
Bioremediation is '''a process where biological organisms are used to remove or neutralize an environmental pollutant by metabolic process'''. The “biological” organisms include microscopic organisms, such as fungi, algae and bacteria, and the “remediation”—treating the situation. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are '''bioventing, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation'''

== Product ==
The final product is a valuable soil resource named compost. Compost can replace materials like peat and topsoil as seed starters, container mixes, soil amendments, mulches and natural fertilizers.

=== Post-treatment ===
In post treatment, the compost is screened at small sizes (up to 12 mm) and any remaining impurities are removed. The coarse fraction is reused in composting as a structural material.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Attero ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Attero|Webpage=https://www.attero.nl/|Country=The Netherlands|TRL=9|Product=Soil amendment, biofuel|Feedstock=OFMSW|Technology category=Biochemical processes|Processable mass=300.000.000}}
Attero is a Dutch industrial scale waste processing company. It has a long history in processing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), which are further processes at various locations. At first, the OFMSW is digested after which the resulting solid fraction will be composted togther with e.g., twigs. Subsequently, any contaminating component like glas or plastics are removed from the compost using various techniques. The various fractions within the compost are sifted for different applications.

=== Blueotter ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Blueotter|Country=Portugal|Contact=Tel:. +351 219 499 200
Blueotter CIRCULAR
circular@blueotter.pt|Webpage=https://blueotter.pt/|Technology name=Bioremediation|TRL=4-9|Capacity=totalling 28,000 metric tons per year|Microorganism:=not relevant|Processable mass=28,000 metric tons per year|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=organic waste|Product=recycled and recovered fractions of soil|Image=Blueotter_Logo.png}}
BLUEOTTER provides premium environmental services to its clients and partners through industrial waste recovery and treatment units, operating with maximum environmental responsibility and implementing the best environmental practices and techniques. You may not know the name Blueotter, but you know what we do. We started our group in 2016 when we acquired CITRI and later acquired CME ÁGUAS / PRORESI waste management units, creating a new brand to take waste management to a whole new level of service and environmental progression. In 2019 we expanded further with our acquisition of the non-hazardous activities of EGEO GROUP, renaming it BLUEOTTER CIRCULAR. With this latest acquisition, we can provide our customers more services, including recycling, municipal waste, and sanitation services. We operate on a national level, from Trofa to Algarve. Our goal is to follow the best environmental and management practices in waste sorting and recycling; organic waste treatment; and processing and preparing alternative fuels from waste. We are committed to responding to society´s needs with the best environmental solutions while safeguarding natural resources.

=== Ekolive ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=ekolive s.r.o.|Country=Slovakia /Germany|Contact=mail: ekolive(at)ekolive.eu
phone: +49 5251 297 219 0|Webpage=https://ekolive.eu|Technology name=Bioremediation, Bioleaching, producing Biostimulants|TRL=4-9|Capacity=technology provided without limitations|Microorganism:=Bacteria mix - microlive®|Processable mass=technology provided without limitations|Other=InnoBioTech® for Bioremediation, Bioleaching|Feedstock=Contaminated soil / Minerals|Product=Technology used: InnoBioTech® {{!}} Bacteria used: microlive® {{!}} Nutrition for bacteria: ekocomplex®|Image=Logo_cropped-ekolive-2048x689.png}}

''ekolive'' is the first and '''leading provider of an EU/ETV certified eco-innovative bioleaching method (''InnoBioTech®'')''' for processing waste/minerals/soil using bacteria. This allows new raw material resources to be explored or giving various industrial waste a second life, replacing dangerous mining and processing methods, environmental hazards to be sustainable eliminated, and biostimulants/organic fertilizers to be produced – to replace agrochemicals and increase yields in organic farming as well as to restore the microbiome in the soil. ''ekolive'' is ecological, innovative, value-adding; the breadth and contribution of it’s innovative technology to achieving global sustainability goals is exceptional.

=== Tidy Planet ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Tidy Planet Limited|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Huw Crampton|Webpage=https://tidyplanet.co.uk/|Technology name=Rocket Composter|TRL=9|Capacity=20-5000|Microorganism:=Thermophilic|Processable mass=Green wastes, animal wastes, food wastes|Other=|Feedstock=Food Waste|Product=Compost|Image=TidyPlanetLogo.jpg}}

Tidy Planet present the widest range of on-site food waste recycling products on the market, tested and manufactured to the highest quality standards here in the UK – tackling on-site, commercial food waste.

The Rocket Composter is a robust, high quality machine that processes commercial scale food waste and green waste on site, using natures own process of composting. Though Tidy Planet’s range of Rocket Composters go from 20kg up to 5000kg per day, they all follow the same basic principles, optimising and speeding up the natural composting process. Food, green or animal wastes are loaded into the machine over the course of the day, along with woodchip to provide essential carbon and help with aeration. Then, naturally occurring microbes within the process get to work, with the Rocket adding gentle aeration and mixing with controlled air flow to help them thrive. After only 10-14 days, the organic waste comes out of the other end of the machine converted into a valuable resource, an end to end process with minimal energy consumption and maximum environmental benefit.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]]
Here we make the link to the Europe-wide network & database of open access multipurpose pilot and demo infrastructures for the European bio-economy.

Unfortunately the Pilots4U database doesn't contain shared facilities for the technology of composting. There is, however, a selection for anaerobic digestion: [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=101&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:TidyPlanetLogo.jpg

2022-11-29T12:00:22Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by Tidy Planet from Tidy Planet with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Tidy Planet Logo}}
|date=2021-11-23 11:08:30
|source=Tidy Planet
|author=Tidy Planet
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Chromatography

2022-11-29T11:32:13Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Chromatography}}
<onlyinclude>'''Chromatography''' enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components in a mixture. The mixture is composed of a ''mobile phase'' (fluid or gas) and a ''stationary phase''. The stationary phase is either a solid phase or a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface a solid support. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phase. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation Tecniques: CHROMATOGRAPHY|year=2016|author=Ozlem Coskun|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|doi=10.14744/nci.2016.32757}}</ref> Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mirna González-González, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa, Marco Rito-Palomares|year=2020|title=Chapter 5 - Recent advances in antibody-based monolith chromatography for therapeutic application|journal=Elsevier|volume=|issue=Approaches to the Purification, Analysis and Characterization of Antibody-Based Therapeutics|page=105–116|doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-103019-6.00005-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alternative bioseparation operations: life beyond packed-bed chromatography|year=2004-10-01|author=Todd M Przybycien, Narahari S Pujar, Landon M Steele|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=5|page=469–478|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.008}}</ref> Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive. <ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Hostettmann|year=1998|book_title=Preparative Chromatography Techniques : Applications in Natural Product Isolation|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|ISBN=978-3-662-03631-0}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Through the different chromatography forms and methods (as can be seen below), the possible biomass feedstocks are versatile. Examples are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review|year=2021-09-08|author=Jun Sheng Teh, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Farooq Sher|journal=Processes|volume=9|issue=9|page=1610|doi=10.3390/pr9091610}}</ref>

* Wood chip
* Residual bacterial biomass
* Sewage sludge
* Straw
* Stalk
*Algae biomass

=== Pre-treatment ===
As a purification and analytical process, possible pre-processes are for example<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Glucose and Bioethanol in Biomass with Current Methods and Sorbents|year=2013-09-01|author=M. Tian, K. H. Row|journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science|volume=51|issue=8|page=819–824|doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmt044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: Separation and Recovery of Sugars and Ionic Liquid from Biomass Hydrolysates|year=2013-11|author=Benjamin R. Caes, Thomas R. Van Oosbree, Fachuang Lu, John Ralph, Christos T. Maravelias, Ronald T. Raines|journal=ChemSusChem|volume=6|issue=11|page=2083–2089|doi=10.1002/cssc.201300267}}</ref>:

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Distillation]]
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Polymerisation]]
* [[Centrifugation]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Torrefaction]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Process and technologies==
To separate the components of a mixture, the mixture is dissolved in a substance, the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance, the stationary phase. The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is Chromatography and How Does it Work?|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is-chromatography/|Author=Thermo Fischer|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=14.02.2022}}</ref> The different molecules stay longer or shorter on the stationary phase, depending on their interactions with its surface sites. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation. A schematic illustration of the process can be seen below (illustrates column chromatography).

[[File:Column_chromatography_sequence.png|Process of a column chromatography]]

=== Chromatography methods ===
[[File:Chromatography.png|thumb|206x206px|Liquid chromatography]]
By altering the mobile phase, the stationary phase, and/or the factor determining speed of travel, a wide variety of chromatographic methods are available, each ideal for different mixtures. Some of the most common forms of chromatography are as follows.<ref name=":1" />

'''Techniques by physical state of the mobile phase'''

* Gas chromatography
** the mobile phase is gaseous
* Liquid chromatography
** the mobile phase is liquid

'''Techniques by chromatographic bed shape'''

* Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
** stationary phase is a thin layer of solid material, usually silica-based, and the mobile phase is a liquid
* Column chromatography
** stationary phase is within a tube (e.g. packed column with silica, as the illustration above)

'''Techniques by separation mechanism'''

* Ion exchange chromatography
** separates the components of a mixture based on their charge
* Size-exclusion chromatography
** separates molecules according to their size (Smaller molecules enter pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase)

==Products==
The products of a chromatography depend on which method is applied. When applying a gas chromatography the mobile phase is gaseous, while the stationary phase is solid or viscous liquid. The products here are then gases and the separated molecules are then either bound to the solid or liquid phase. When applying a liquid chromatography the mobile phase is liquid and the stationary phase is solid, leading to liquid and solid end products.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Extraction]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant ===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|Country=Belgium|Webpage=https://www.bbeu.org/what-we-offer/technologies/product-recovery-and-purification/|Technology name=Chromatography|TRL=4-6|Other=Preparative chromatography unit (GRACE) – BENCH scale, adsorption chromatography for ATEX environment,|Capacity=-ion exchange in water treatment columns: lab scale up to 3000 L columns (and everything in between)
-Exclusion chromatography, bind & elute chromatography… in packed bed columns: 250 mL, 8 L, 10 L, 38 L, 60 L columns|Pressure=5|Temperature=50|Processable volume=8L; 38L; 80L; 900|Contact=chromatography@bbeu.org|Image=Logo Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant.png|Mobile phase=Process dependent! Mostly it is watery products but we can use solvents as well.|STationary phase=Resins = Process dependent!|Feedstock=chemical compounds of biological origin|Product=separated hydrocarbons}}
Bio Base provides scale up of chromatography processes from lab-scale up to 4000 L scale. There is mainly a very broad knowledge of anion exchange, cation exchange and activated carbon processes, since (economically) those are most realistic to scale-up.

===Veg'Extra===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Veg'Extra|Country=France|Webpage=https://en.vegextra.com/|Technology name=|Mobile phase=|STationary phase=|Temperature=|Pressure=|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Separated fractions|Processable volume=200 - 800}}

Veg’Extra has 25 years of experience with currently 300 tons of production per year. As a service provider, it supports you in your projects, advises you and sets up an industrial process for the production of your extracts (actives and ingredients). 25 employees have a wide range of expertise in extraction, separation, purification. Wide range of solvents can be used, except when it is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR).

===XPure Systems===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=XPure Systems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=https://xpure-systems.com/|Technology name=XPure-C, XPure-S, XPure-E, XPure-R|Mobile phase=|STationary phase=|Temperature=|Pressure=Up to 30|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Separated fractions|Processable volume=100 - 5000|Capacity=0.1 - 200|TRL=5 - 7}}

XPure is committed to improving separation efficiency by designing and delivering innovative, customized continuous ion exchange and chromatography systems. XPure uniquely features expanded bed adsorption technology that is integrated in our SMB configured systems. This enables us to directly process particulates containing feed streams, for example from fermentation or plant based juice streams.

XPure’s Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) technology overcomes the intermittent nature of classical chromatography by introducing more columns, thus allowing for simultaneous separation to occur. XPure’s patented technology for continuous chromatography and ion exchange enables the isolation of desired components from such complex mixtures while improving yield and purity at lower costs. Our systems integrate modular and scalable simulated moving bed hardware with a smart and flexible software platform, enabling the flexibility to implement a wide range of process control strategies. This holistic approach reduces resin and solvent consumption and increases product concentrations, purity, and yields. This singular focus on process technology and equipment means we are independent of resin and media suppliers. Rather, our team of experts deliver the suitable and cost-effective solutions to meet your separation requirements.

XPure enables the purification of bio-based chemicals and mild fractionation of food components using an efficient technology that contributes to a sustainable process industry.

===W.R. Grace & Co.===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=W.R. Grace & Co.|Country=Germany, Spain, Sweden|Webpage=https://grace.com/|Technology name=TRISYL (R) silicas|Mobile phase=Oil|STationary phase=99.7% SiO2|Temperature=70 - 90|Pressure=1|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Biobased diesel and HVO}}

Grace Catalysts Technologies and Grace Materials Technologies provide innovative products, technologies and services that improve the products and processes of our customers around the world. Grace was founded as W.R. Grace & Co. in 1854 in Peru and currently has locations in Germany, Spain, and Sweden. Our assets and expertise enable us to collaborate with our customers from the R&D laboratory, through multiple pilot plants, on up through commercial production. Technology Centers are integrated with manufacturing so that commercialization of new products is accelerated. Award-winning Technical Service teams work seamlessly alongside customers to find ways to increase value in our customer processes as well as their products.

From pre-treatment of the vegetable oils and fats to the final polishing or post-treatment, Grace’s TRISYL® silica is proven technology that results in more process savings compared to clay or silicates. Our silica technology comprised of highly pure synthetic amorphous silica was developed for maximum adsorption and significantly reduces phospholipids, trace metals and animal proteins in both physical and chemical refining operations. Recommended for the pre-treatment of feedstock for both renewable diesel and first generation biodiesel, TRISYL® silica can also be used in biodiesel post-treatment by helping to substantially reduce the need for water washing. TRISYL® silica enables the economic conversion of biomass to biodiesel and renewable diesel to be more efficient and environmentally sustainable.

Renewable diesel – commonly referred to as green diesel or HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) – continues to grow in prevalence. Grace’s TRISYL® silica helps maximize service life of catalysts by consistently removing trace materials and impurities from difficult-to-refine feedback and helps achieve economies of scale in renewable diesel production. Unlike activated bleaching earth (ABE), TRISYL® silicas provide superior adsorption capacity for phospholipids and metals at all free fatty acid concentrations. This reduces costs on spent solids and disposal but also reduces oil lost during pre-treatment.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B73%5D=73&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Chromatography|Chromatography]]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Chromatography

2022-11-29T11:27:06Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Chromatography}}
<onlyinclude>'''Chromatography''' enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components in a mixture. The mixture is composed of a ''mobile phase'' (fluid or gas) and a ''stationary phase''. The stationary phase is either a solid phase or a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface a solid support. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phase. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation Tecniques: CHROMATOGRAPHY|year=2016|author=Ozlem Coskun|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|doi=10.14744/nci.2016.32757}}</ref> Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mirna González-González, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa, Marco Rito-Palomares|year=2020|title=Chapter 5 - Recent advances in antibody-based monolith chromatography for therapeutic application|journal=Elsevier|volume=|issue=Approaches to the Purification, Analysis and Characterization of Antibody-Based Therapeutics|page=105–116|doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-103019-6.00005-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alternative bioseparation operations: life beyond packed-bed chromatography|year=2004-10-01|author=Todd M Przybycien, Narahari S Pujar, Landon M Steele|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=5|page=469–478|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.008}}</ref> Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive. <ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Hostettmann|year=1998|book_title=Preparative Chromatography Techniques : Applications in Natural Product Isolation|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|ISBN=978-3-662-03631-0}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Through the different chromatography forms and methods (as can be seen below), the possible biomass feedstocks are versatile. Examples are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review|year=2021-09-08|author=Jun Sheng Teh, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Farooq Sher|journal=Processes|volume=9|issue=9|page=1610|doi=10.3390/pr9091610}}</ref>

* Wood chip
* Residual bacterial biomass
* Sewage sludge
* Straw
* Stalk
*Algae biomass

=== Pre-treatment ===
As a purification and analytical process, possible pre-processes are for example<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Glucose and Bioethanol in Biomass with Current Methods and Sorbents|year=2013-09-01|author=M. Tian, K. H. Row|journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science|volume=51|issue=8|page=819–824|doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmt044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: Separation and Recovery of Sugars and Ionic Liquid from Biomass Hydrolysates|year=2013-11|author=Benjamin R. Caes, Thomas R. Van Oosbree, Fachuang Lu, John Ralph, Christos T. Maravelias, Ronald T. Raines|journal=ChemSusChem|volume=6|issue=11|page=2083–2089|doi=10.1002/cssc.201300267}}</ref>:

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Distillation]]
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Polymerisation]]
* [[Centrifugation]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Torrefaction]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Process and technologies==
To separate the components of a mixture, the mixture is dissolved in a substance, the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance, the stationary phase. The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is Chromatography and How Does it Work?|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is-chromatography/|Author=Thermo Fischer|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=14.02.2022}}</ref> The different molecules stay longer or shorter on the stationary phase, depending on their interactions with its surface sites. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation. A schematic illustration of the process can be seen below (illustrates column chromatography).

[[File:Column_chromatography_sequence.png|Process of a column chromatography]]

=== Chromatography methods ===
[[File:Chromatography.png|thumb|206x206px|Liquid chromatography]]
By altering the mobile phase, the stationary phase, and/or the factor determining speed of travel, a wide variety of chromatographic methods are available, each ideal for different mixtures. Some of the most common forms of chromatography are as follows.<ref name=":1" />

'''Techniques by physical state of the mobile phase'''

* Gas chromatography
** the mobile phase is gaseous
* Liquid chromatography
** the mobile phase is liquid

'''Techniques by chromatographic bed shape'''

* Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
** stationary phase is a thin layer of solid material, usually silica-based, and the mobile phase is a liquid
* Column chromatography
** stationary phase is within a tube (e.g. packed column with silica, as the illustration above)

'''Techniques by separation mechanism'''

* Ion exchange chromatography
** separates the components of a mixture based on their charge
* Size-exclusion chromatography
** separates molecules according to their size (Smaller molecules enter pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase)

==Products==
The products of a chromatography depend on which method is applied. When applying a gas chromatography the mobile phase is gaseous, while the stationary phase is solid or viscous liquid. The products here are then gases and the separated molecules are then either bound to the solid or liquid phase. When applying a liquid chromatography the mobile phase is liquid and the stationary phase is solid, leading to liquid and solid end products.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Extraction]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant ===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|Country=Belgium|Webpage=https://www.bbeu.org/what-we-offer/technologies/product-recovery-and-purification/|Technology name=Chromatography|TRL=4-6|Other=Preparative chromatography unit (GRACE) – BENCH scale, adsorption chromatography for ATEX environment,|Capacity=-ion exchange in water treatment columns: lab scale up to 3000 L columns (and everything in between)
-Exclusion chromatography, bind & elute chromatography… in packed bed columns: 250 mL, 8 L, 10 L, 38 L, 60 L columns|Pressure=5|Temperature=50 °C|Processable volume=8l;38l; 80l; 900l|Contact=chromatography@bbeu.org|Image=Logo Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant.png|Mobile phase=Process dependent! Mostly it is watery products but we can use solvents as well.|STationary phase=Resins = Process dependent!|Feedstock=chemical compounds of biological origin|Product=separated hydrocarbons}}
Bio Base provides scale up of chromatography processes from lab-scale up to 4000 L scale. There is mainly a very broad knowledge of anion exchange, cation exchange and activated carbon processes, since (economically) those are most realistic to scale-up.

===Veg'Extra===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Veg'Extra|Country=France|Webpage=https://en.vegextra.com/|Technology name=|Mobile phase=|STationary phase=|Temperature=|Pressure=|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Separated fractions|Processable volume=200 - 800}}

Veg’Extra has 25 years of experience with currently 300 tons of production per year. As a service provider, it supports you in your projects, advises you and sets up an industrial process for the production of your extracts (actives and ingredients). 25 employees have a wide range of expertise in extraction, separation, purification. Wide range of solvents can be used, except when it is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR).

===XPure Systems===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=XPure Systems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=https://xpure-systems.com/|Technology name=XPure-C, XPure-S, XPure-E, XPure-R|Mobile phase=|STationary phase=|Temperature=|Pressure=Up to 30|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Separated fractions|Processable volume=100 - 5000|Capacity=0.1 - 200|TRL=5 - 7}}

XPure is committed to improving separation efficiency by designing and delivering innovative, customized continuous ion exchange and chromatography systems. XPure uniquely features expanded bed adsorption technology that is integrated in our SMB configured systems. This enables us to directly process particulates containing feed streams, for example from fermentation or plant based juice streams.

XPure’s Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) technology overcomes the intermittent nature of classical chromatography by introducing more columns, thus allowing for simultaneous separation to occur. XPure’s patented technology for continuous chromatography and ion exchange enables the isolation of desired components from such complex mixtures while improving yield and purity at lower costs. Our systems integrate modular and scalable simulated moving bed hardware with a smart and flexible software platform, enabling the flexibility to implement a wide range of process control strategies. This holistic approach reduces resin and solvent consumption and increases product concentrations, purity, and yields. This singular focus on process technology and equipment means we are independent of resin and media suppliers. Rather, our team of experts deliver the suitable and cost-effective solutions to meet your separation requirements.

XPure enables the purification of bio-based chemicals and mild fractionation of food components using an efficient technology that contributes to a sustainable process industry.

===W.R. Grace & Co.===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=W.R. Grace & Co.|Country=Germany, Spain, Sweden|Webpage=https://grace.com/|Technology name=TRISYL (R) silicas|Mobile phase=Oil|STationary phase=99.7% SiO2|Temperature=70 - 90|Pressure=1|Feedstock=Any liquid biowaste|Product=Biobased diesel and HVO}}

Grace Catalysts Technologies and Grace Materials Technologies provide innovative products, technologies and services that improve the products and processes of our customers around the world. Grace was founded as W.R. Grace & Co. in 1854 in Peru and currently has locations in Germany, Spain, and Sweden. Our assets and expertise enable us to collaborate with our customers from the R&D laboratory, through multiple pilot plants, on up through commercial production. Technology Centers are integrated with manufacturing so that commercialization of new products is accelerated. Award-winning Technical Service teams work seamlessly alongside customers to find ways to increase value in our customer processes as well as their products.

From pre-treatment of the vegetable oils and fats to the final polishing or post-treatment, Grace’s TRISYL® silica is proven technology that results in more process savings compared to clay or silicates. Our silica technology comprised of highly pure synthetic amorphous silica was developed for maximum adsorption and significantly reduces phospholipids, trace metals and animal proteins in both physical and chemical refining operations. Recommended for the pre-treatment of feedstock for both renewable diesel and first generation biodiesel, TRISYL® silica can also be used in biodiesel post-treatment by helping to substantially reduce the need for water washing. TRISYL® silica enables the economic conversion of biomass to biodiesel and renewable diesel to be more efficient and environmentally sustainable.

Renewable diesel – commonly referred to as green diesel or HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) – continues to grow in prevalence. Grace’s TRISYL® silica helps maximize service life of catalysts by consistently removing trace materials and impurities from difficult-to-refine feedback and helps achieve economies of scale in renewable diesel production. Unlike activated bleaching earth (ABE), TRISYL® silicas provide superior adsorption capacity for phospholipids and metals at all free fatty acid concentrations. This reduces costs on spent solids and disposal but also reduces oil lost during pre-treatment.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B73%5D=73&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Chromatography|Chromatography]]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Chromatography

2022-11-15T10:55:13Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Pre-treatment */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Chromatography}}
<onlyinclude>'''Chromatography''' enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components in a mixture. The mixture is composed of a ''mobile phase'' (fluid or gas) and a ''stationary phase''. The stationary phase is either a solid phase or a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface a solid support. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phase. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation Tecniques: CHROMATOGRAPHY|year=2016|author=Ozlem Coskun|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|doi=10.14744/nci.2016.32757}}</ref> Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mirna González-González, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa, Marco Rito-Palomares|year=2020|title=Chapter 5 - Recent advances in antibody-based monolith chromatography for therapeutic application|journal=Elsevier|volume=|issue=Approaches to the Purification, Analysis and Characterization of Antibody-Based Therapeutics|page=105–116|doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-103019-6.00005-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alternative bioseparation operations: life beyond packed-bed chromatography|year=2004-10-01|author=Todd M Przybycien, Narahari S Pujar, Landon M Steele|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=5|page=469–478|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.008}}</ref> Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive. <ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Hostettmann|year=1998|book_title=Preparative Chromatography Techniques : Applications in Natural Product Isolation|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|ISBN=978-3-662-03631-0}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Through the different chromatography forms and methods (as can be seen below), the possible biomass feedstocks are versatile. Examples are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review|year=2021-09-08|author=Jun Sheng Teh, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Farooq Sher|journal=Processes|volume=9|issue=9|page=1610|doi=10.3390/pr9091610}}</ref>

* Wood chip
* Residual bacterial biomass
* Sewage sludge
* Straw
* Stalk
*Algae biomass

=== Pre-treatment ===
As a purification and analytical process, possible pre-processes are for example<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Glucose and Bioethanol in Biomass with Current Methods and Sorbents|year=2013-09-01|author=M. Tian, K. H. Row|journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science|volume=51|issue=8|page=819–824|doi=10.1093/chromsci/bmt044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: Separation and Recovery of Sugars and Ionic Liquid from Biomass Hydrolysates|year=2013-11|author=Benjamin R. Caes, Thomas R. Van Oosbree, Fachuang Lu, John Ralph, Christos T. Maravelias, Ronald T. Raines|journal=ChemSusChem|volume=6|issue=11|page=2083–2089|doi=10.1002/cssc.201300267}}</ref>:

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Distillation]]
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Polymerisation]]
* [[Centrifugation]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Torrefaction]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Process and technologies==
To separate the components of a mixture, the mixture is dissolved in a substance, the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance, the stationary phase. The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is Chromatography and How Does it Work?|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/what-is-chromatography/|Author=Thermo Fischer|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=14.02.2022}}</ref> The different molecules stay longer or shorter on the stationary phase, depending on their interactions with its surface sites. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation. A schematic illustration of the process can be seen below (illustrates column chromatography).

[[File:Column_chromatography_sequence.png|Process of a column chromatography]]

=== Chromatography methods ===
[[File:Chromatography.png|thumb|206x206px|Liquid chromatography]]
By altering the mobile phase, the stationary phase, and/or the factor determining speed of travel, a wide variety of chromatographic methods are available, each ideal for different mixtures. Some of the most common forms of chromatography are as follows.<ref name=":1" />

'''Techniques by physical state of the mobile phase'''

* Gas chromatography
** the mobile phase is gaseous
* Liquid chromatography
** the mobile phase is liquid

'''Techniques by chromatographic bed shape'''

* Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
** stationary phase is a thin layer of solid material, usually silica-based, and the mobile phase is a liquid
* Column chromatography
** stationary phase is within a tube (e.g. packed column with silica, as the illustration above)

'''Techniques by separation mechanism'''

* Ion exchange chromatography
** separates the components of a mixture based on their charge
* Size-exclusion chromatography
** separates molecules according to their size (Smaller molecules enter pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase)

==Products==
The products of a chromatography depend on which method is applied. When applying a gas chromatography the mobile phase is gaseous, while the stationary phase is solid or viscous liquid. The products here are then gases and the separated molecules are then either bound to the solid or liquid phase. When applying a liquid chromatography the mobile phase is liquid and the stationary phase is solid, leading to liquid and solid end products.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Extraction]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===ABC===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography}}
describe the company, here is an example

''ABC was founded in 20... 12 by KNN and Syncom, in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.''

describe their technology, here is an example

''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.''

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant ===
{{Infobox provider-chromatography|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|Country=Belgium|Webpage=https://www.bbeu.org/what-we-offer/technologies/product-recovery-and-purification/|Technology name=Chromatography|TRL=4-6|Other=Preparative chromatography unit (GRACE) – BENCH scale, adsorption chromatography for ATEX environment,|Capacity=-ion exchange in water treatment columns: lab scale up to 3000 L columns (and everything in between)
-Exclusion chromatography, bind & elute chromatography… in packed bed columns: 250 mL, 8 L, 10 L, 38 L, 60 L columns|Pressure=5|Temperature=50 °C|Processable volume=8l;38l; 80l; 900l|Contact=chromatography@bbeu.org|Image=Logo Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant.png|Mobile phase=Process dependent! Mostly it is watery products but we can use solvents as well.|STationary phase=Resins = Process dependent!|Feedstock=chemical compounds of biological origin|Product=separated hydrocarbons}}
Bio Base provides scale up of chromatography processes from lab-scale up to 4000 L scale. There is mainly a very broad knowledge of anion exchange, cation exchange and activated carbon processes, since (economically) those are most realistic to scale-up.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B73%5D=73&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Chromatography|Chromatography]]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Enzymatic processes

2022-11-15T08:37:38Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* MetGen Oy */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Enzymatic processes|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]]|Product=Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin}}
<onlyinclude>'''Enzymatic processes''' utilise enzymes (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) which are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts).<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Enzyme|e-pub date=|date accessed=24-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme}}</ref> In terms of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, enzymes find two main applications: i) biomass pretreatment, and ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis. Biomass enzymatic pre-treatment falls under the category of "biological pre-treatment". Other pre-treatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass includes, physical (e.g., mechanical), [[Hydrolysis|chemical]] (e.g., acid and alkali), physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]] and AFEX), and a combination thereof<ref>{{Cite journal|author=E. Hosseini Koupaie, S. Dahadha, A.A. Bazyar Lakeh, A. Azizi, E. Elbeshbishy|year=2018|title=Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production - A review|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=233|page=774-784|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.106}}</ref>. polysaccharides hydrolysis is a concept mostly applied in biorefineries as part of the [[hydrolysis]] of plant cell wall constituents like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) can be collected as a waste material from forest residues, agricultural, and industrial activities. LCB is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K.|year=2015|title=Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresour. Technol.|volume=178|page=178-186|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103}}</ref> The physical appearance and strenght of the biomass depend on the varying concentration of these polymers and therefore greatly influences the type of pre-treatment strategy applied for its deconstruction.
[[File:Composition-of-the-plant-cell-wall.png|thumb|Composition of the plant cell wall]]

==== Structural features LCB: ====

===== Cellulose =====
Cellulose is a polysaccharide polymer of glucose disaccharide units, cellobiose, linked tightly by ß-1,4-glycoside bonds. Cellulose molecules are linked by hdyrogen bonds and have different orientations resulting in different levels of crystallinity. Its crystallinity plays a crucial role in the biodegradation of cellulose and, in general, the higher crystallinity level makes it harder to biodegrade the cellulose.

===== Hemicellulose =====
Hemicellulose is a random and branched heterogeneous polymer of different polysaccharides including pentoses (xylose and arabinose), hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose) and sugar acids. The branched nature of the hemicellulose allows it to form strong bonds with cellulose (through hydrogen bonds) and lignin (through covalent bonds).

===== Lignin =====
Lignin is a complex and large compound made out of phenylpropane units linked in a three-dimensional structure. The main monomers of lignin are p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Lignin acts as a cementing material that links celluose and hemicellulose to form the rigid three-dimensional structure of the plant cell wall.

=== Pre-treatment ===
[[File:Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment.PNG|thumb|Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment]]
The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic pre-treatment:

* [[Sizing]] (e.g., milling, grinding)
* [[Steam explosion]] (hybrid pre-treatment; e.g., combined with laccase pretreatment)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weihua Qiu, Hongzhang Chen|year=2012|title=Enhanced the ezymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat straw after combined steam explosion and laccase pretreatment|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=118|page=8-12|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.033}}</ref>

The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic hydrolysis<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal|year=2016|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92-102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106}}</ref>,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>:

* Physical (e.g., milling, grinding, [[ultrasonication]], extrusion)
* Chemical (e.g., acid, alkali, ionic liquid, organosolv)
* Physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]], hot water, [[Ammonia fibre expansion|AFEX]], wet oxidation)
* Biological (e.g., microbial and enzymatic)

== Process and technologies ==

=== Enzymatic pre-treatment (biological pre-treatment) ===

Biological pre-treatment systems rely on biological agents (e.g., enzymes) to delignify lignocellulose and make the process of enzymatic hydrolysis more convenient. The effect of enzymes on the lignocellulosic biomass depends on the type of enzymes as well as the composition of the biomass being treated. This is due to enzyme specificity in terms of the type of the reactions that they catalyze. Laccase (Lac), manganese peroxide (MnP) and versatile peroxide (VP) are enzymes that are used extensively to treat the lignocellulosic substrate<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baruah J., Nath B.K., Sharma R., Kumar S., Deka R.C., Kalita E.|year=2018|title=Recent Trends in the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Products|journal=Front. Energy Res.|volume=141|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141}}</ref>. Biological pre-treatment of LCB is often knows as a simple, inexpensive, selective, and environmentally-friendly technology. This is mainly due to the fact that biological pre-treatment does not require high energy inputs or chemicals addition. Furthermore, enzymatic treatment has found success in the removal of toxic inhibitory compounds (i.e., complete removal of phenolic compounds). The limitations asociated with enzymatic pretreatment is its production cost, stability, shelf life, and reusability<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>.

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (e.g., cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, and fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. Different enzymes play different roles in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass:

==== Cellulases ====
Cellulases are one of the key enzymes in biomass hydrolysis. Cellulases are a family of enzymes that synergistically act on cellulose to hydrolyze it to its monomers. Cellulases acts on the ß-1,4-glycosidic linkages in cellulose. The complete hydrolysis of cellulose is mediated by combination of three main cellulases, namely endoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.14 (EC 3.2.14)], exoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.91 (EC 3.2.1.91)], and glycosidase [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.21 (EC 3.2.1.21)]. ''T. reesei''-based cellulases have been the focus of research for the past several years and are widely used in laboratory- as well as pilot-scale studies for bioethanol application. Most commercially accessible enzymes for biomass hydrolysis are actually cocktails of cellulases from ''Trichoderma'' or ''Aspergillus'' supplemented with ß-glucosidases from other sources.

==== Hemicellulases ====
Hemicellulose consists of a mixture of glucose and sugar monomers. Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose-containing pentose sugars, such as xylose. The enzyme xylanase helps to catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan. Hydrolysis of xylan is mediated by the action of multiple xylanases (i.e., endoxylanases and exoxylanases). Commercially, xylanases are produced from ''T. reesei'', ''A. niger'', ''humicola insolens'', and ''Bacillus'' sp.

==== Pectinases ====
Pectinase is a complex enzyme that degrades the pectin present in lignocellulosic biomass. Pectin is a polymer of α-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid. This enzyme breaks down polygalacturonic acid (GalA) into a monomeric unit by opening glycosidic linkages. It helps the softening of biomass and therefore aids in the hydrolysis of biomass.

==== Other accessory enzymes ====
The accessory enzymes are also a crucial part in the hydrolysis of LCB and enhance the hydrolysis yield and reduce the enzyme cost and dosages. The breakdown of hemicelluloses is further accompanied by the addition of ß-xylosidases which produces a final product of oligomer with different length as intermediates. Another important accessory enzyme is α-arabinofuranidase for breaking down arabinose into monomers of furanose and pyranose.

== Product ==
Products enzymatic pre-treatment:

* Cellulose
* Hemicellulose
* Lignin

Potential products after fermentation:

* Bioethanol
* Biodiesel
* Biobutanol
* Methane
* Specialty chemicals

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| MetGen Oy
| Finland
| Biorefining technology
| '''METNIN™'''
| 8
| 3
|3000
|50
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== MetGen Oy ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=MetGen Oy|Processable volume=3 tonnes|Feedstock=Lignin (waste stream in pulp and paper industries and biorefineries)|Other=|Temperature=50|Safety restrictions=|Reactor material=Acid durable steel quality S 316|Reactor=Steel Reactor|Controlled paramaters=Temperature, pressure, air flow, pH, DS|Webpage=www.metgen.com|Agitator=Rushton turbine|Capacity=50 kg/week (lignin)|TRL=8|Technology category=Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies)|Technology name=METNIN™|Contact=alex@metgen.com|Country=Finland|Product=METNIN™ SHIELD - a sustainable BIO-BASED additive for fiber-based packaging boards.|Image=METGEN logo.jpg}}

MetGen has developed and commercially launched a novel lignin valorization technology, METNIN™ to valorize the underutilized lignin streams from modern biorefineries, and pulp and paper mills. METNIN™ is a unique market driven technology combines affordable engineering with advanced biotechnology and turns abundant industrial side stream into sustainable and recyclable alternatives for petrochemicals.

Potentially, the technology produces three main products such as METNIN™SHIELD for additives in packaging applications, METNIN™ lignopolyols in polyurethane application, METNIN™ resins for plywood adhesives. The technology is lignin agnostic and provides the missing link in the value-chain between crude lignin and high value lignin fractions for specific end user products. MetGen’s near-term goal is to accelerate the commercialization of METNIN™ technology and widen the bio-based products’ to market as fast as possible. This will open new opportunities for biorefinery lignin valorization thus paving the way for sustainable and more cost-efficient biorefinery business model. Currently, MetGen is in progress of bringing METNIN™ technology from pilot to demonstration scale with potential to reduce GHG emission by 85%.

METGEN is one of the leading innovators in creating and developing bio-based technologies. Our mission is to enable industries to enhance the value of lignocellulosic biomass through enzymatic solutions. MetGen addresses the demand for creating more sustainable production solutions, helping to meet the ever-growing desire to increase sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, minimize the carbon footprint and conserve biodiversity.

The switch to bio-based feedstocks allows the chemical industry to cut dependency on finite fossil feedstocks and increases the use of more resource-efficient biobased technologies. MetGen is at the core of this development. MetGen produces enzymes on an industrial scale, providing commercial enzymatic solutions to modern biorefineries and the pulp & paper and biogas industries. Our philosophy is to design enzymes for maximum impact in real-life process conditions.

After taking science from the labs to the brink of building factories, it is time to share a few experiences along the way. Innovation comes in many layers and MetGen’s presentation unravels the entangled enzymes, processes, chemistries, bio-products, financing, and business models to a more crisp view of the future of the bio-economy.

MetGen’s business model for METNIN™ technology and other enzymatic technologies is 2-fold: manufacturing and licensing of technologies. The market is too wide for any one company to capture alone and the societal and environmental impact can only be maximized through a parallel business model, licensing. MetGen shall produce the material on its own but also license the METNIN™ technology to be integrated into various types of biorefineries. This project will support and lay the foundation for both business avenues.

As the METNIN™ technology is lignin-agnostic, there are vast opportunities for future commercial replication. METNIN™ is a platform technology and can be operated independently to serve the entire industry. Production of large volumes of products maximizes the value of the technology. Even though the plant can be built next to an existing producer of lignin and take advantage of the synergies in utility sourcing as well as the chemicals recycling, the business model is best served if the operations are not dependent on any one operator of a source of raw material. The low energy demand for operations allows the facility to be located also as a stand-alone establishment. MetGen has received many indications of interest to co-locate the facility by the industry, showing the future expansion potential. The technology is modular, hence leaving flexibility for capacity scale-up to be realized after achieving the expected performance and up-time by first fractionation module.

METNIN™ technology can be used as a stand-alone operational unit but can also be integrated in existing P&P mills and Biorefineries.

LCA study has been carried out using third party services. METNIN™ technology demo plant with 3 selected products shows an emission reduction potential of 85% greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction compared to the fossil based manufacturing of the same products.

=== NovelYeast bv ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=NovelYeast bv|Processable volume=5|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Application of commercial enzyme cocktails, development of in situ enzyme production|Temperature=25-60|Safety restrictions=Standard microbiological practice|Reactor material=Glass|Reactor=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Controlled paramaters=Standard parameters|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Agitator=Shake flasks, magnetic stirring|Capacity=Lab scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Enzymatic saccharification|Technology name=Enzymatic saccharification, In-situ enzyme production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Fermentable sugars}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) ===

=== DSM (Delft, Netherland) ===

=== Dupont (Wilmington, United States) ===

=== University of Naples (Naples, Italy) ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=University of Naples "Federico II"; Department of Chemical Sciences|Country=Italy|Contact=Professor Vincenza Faraco, PhD
Department of Chemical Sciences
Via Cintia, 4 IT-80126 Napoli|Webpage=https://www.docenti.unina.it/vincenza.faraco|Technology name=Enzymatic Hydrolysis|TRL=2-4|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Product=Fermentable sugars|Image=Logo_istituzionale_federico_II.jpg|Reactor material=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Reactor=not relevant|Processable volume=not relevant|Controlled paramaters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

The Department of Chemical Sciences of University of Napoli Federico II hosts about 100 researchers and 20 units of technicians and administrative personnel. The main activities of the Department are the Research, the Didactics and the so-called third mission activitities. The Research activities cover several areas of Chemistry, including the design and synthesis of new molecules, from low mass to macromolecules, the purification and the analytic characterization of natural and synthetic molecules, the structural characterization of new molecules through X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical and spin electron spectroscopy techniques, mass spectroscopy. The design, the synthesis and the characterization of new molecules are aimed, for example, to the production of innovative molecules with catalytic properties in important chemical and polymerization processes, or to the production of new functional materials, for several applications in a wide range of fields. Research activities also regard the study of biomolecules and biopolymers for applications in biotechnology, from the development of biosensors to biomedical applications, the study of organic functional molecules and organic polymers for special applications, such as the microelectronics, or the development of new materials with innovative mechanical properties, and the study of nanostructured materials for applications in several fields going from the biology to the medicine, from microelectronics to nanophotonics.

The Department of Chemical Sciences offer the following study programmes:

* Bachelor Degree in Chemistry
* Master Degree in Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Industrial Chemistry
* Master Degree in Science and Technology of the Industrial Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies
* Master Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies

The Department of Chemical Sciences offers the following PhD Courses:

* PhD Course in Chemical Sciences

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B72%5D=72&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Enzymatic processes

2022-11-14T14:31:48Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* MetGen Oy */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Enzymatic processes|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]]|Product=Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin}}
<onlyinclude>'''Enzymatic processes''' utilise enzymes (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) which are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts).<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Enzyme|e-pub date=|date accessed=24-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme}}</ref> In terms of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, enzymes find two main applications: i) biomass pretreatment, and ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis. Biomass enzymatic pre-treatment falls under the category of "biological pre-treatment". Other pre-treatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass includes, physical (e.g., mechanical), [[Hydrolysis|chemical]] (e.g., acid and alkali), physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]] and AFEX), and a combination thereof<ref>{{Cite journal|author=E. Hosseini Koupaie, S. Dahadha, A.A. Bazyar Lakeh, A. Azizi, E. Elbeshbishy|year=2018|title=Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production - A review|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=233|page=774-784|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.106}}</ref>. polysaccharides hydrolysis is a concept mostly applied in biorefineries as part of the [[hydrolysis]] of plant cell wall constituents like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) can be collected as a waste material from forest residues, agricultural, and industrial activities. LCB is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K.|year=2015|title=Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresour. Technol.|volume=178|page=178-186|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103}}</ref> The physical appearance and strenght of the biomass depend on the varying concentration of these polymers and therefore greatly influences the type of pre-treatment strategy applied for its deconstruction.
[[File:Composition-of-the-plant-cell-wall.png|thumb|Composition of the plant cell wall]]

==== Structural features LCB: ====

===== Cellulose =====
Cellulose is a polysaccharide polymer of glucose disaccharide units, cellobiose, linked tightly by ß-1,4-glycoside bonds. Cellulose molecules are linked by hdyrogen bonds and have different orientations resulting in different levels of crystallinity. Its crystallinity plays a crucial role in the biodegradation of cellulose and, in general, the higher crystallinity level makes it harder to biodegrade the cellulose.

===== Hemicellulose =====
Hemicellulose is a random and branched heterogeneous polymer of different polysaccharides including pentoses (xylose and arabinose), hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose) and sugar acids. The branched nature of the hemicellulose allows it to form strong bonds with cellulose (through hydrogen bonds) and lignin (through covalent bonds).

===== Lignin =====
Lignin is a complex and large compound made out of phenylpropane units linked in a three-dimensional structure. The main monomers of lignin are p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Lignin acts as a cementing material that links celluose and hemicellulose to form the rigid three-dimensional structure of the plant cell wall.

=== Pre-treatment ===
[[File:Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment.PNG|thumb|Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment]]
The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic pre-treatment:

* [[Sizing]] (e.g., milling, grinding)
* [[Steam explosion]] (hybrid pre-treatment; e.g., combined with laccase pretreatment)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weihua Qiu, Hongzhang Chen|year=2012|title=Enhanced the ezymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat straw after combined steam explosion and laccase pretreatment|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=118|page=8-12|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.033}}</ref>

The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic hydrolysis<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal|year=2016|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92-102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106}}</ref>,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>:

* Physical (e.g., milling, grinding, [[ultrasonication]], extrusion)
* Chemical (e.g., acid, alkali, ionic liquid, organosolv)
* Physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]], hot water, [[Ammonia fibre expansion|AFEX]], wet oxidation)
* Biological (e.g., microbial and enzymatic)

== Process and technologies ==

=== Enzymatic pre-treatment (biological pre-treatment) ===

Biological pre-treatment systems rely on biological agents (e.g., enzymes) to delignify lignocellulose and make the process of enzymatic hydrolysis more convenient. The effect of enzymes on the lignocellulosic biomass depends on the type of enzymes as well as the composition of the biomass being treated. This is due to enzyme specificity in terms of the type of the reactions that they catalyze. Laccase (Lac), manganese peroxide (MnP) and versatile peroxide (VP) are enzymes that are used extensively to treat the lignocellulosic substrate<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baruah J., Nath B.K., Sharma R., Kumar S., Deka R.C., Kalita E.|year=2018|title=Recent Trends in the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Products|journal=Front. Energy Res.|volume=141|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141}}</ref>. Biological pre-treatment of LCB is often knows as a simple, inexpensive, selective, and environmentally-friendly technology. This is mainly due to the fact that biological pre-treatment does not require high energy inputs or chemicals addition. Furthermore, enzymatic treatment has found success in the removal of toxic inhibitory compounds (i.e., complete removal of phenolic compounds). The limitations asociated with enzymatic pretreatment is its production cost, stability, shelf life, and reusability<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>.

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (e.g., cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, and fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. Different enzymes play different roles in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass:

==== Cellulases ====
Cellulases are one of the key enzymes in biomass hydrolysis. Cellulases are a family of enzymes that synergistically act on cellulose to hydrolyze it to its monomers. Cellulases acts on the ß-1,4-glycosidic linkages in cellulose. The complete hydrolysis of cellulose is mediated by combination of three main cellulases, namely endoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.14 (EC 3.2.14)], exoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.91 (EC 3.2.1.91)], and glycosidase [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.21 (EC 3.2.1.21)]. ''T. reesei''-based cellulases have been the focus of research for the past several years and are widely used in laboratory- as well as pilot-scale studies for bioethanol application. Most commercially accessible enzymes for biomass hydrolysis are actually cocktails of cellulases from ''Trichoderma'' or ''Aspergillus'' supplemented with ß-glucosidases from other sources.

==== Hemicellulases ====
Hemicellulose consists of a mixture of glucose and sugar monomers. Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose-containing pentose sugars, such as xylose. The enzyme xylanase helps to catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan. Hydrolysis of xylan is mediated by the action of multiple xylanases (i.e., endoxylanases and exoxylanases). Commercially, xylanases are produced from ''T. reesei'', ''A. niger'', ''humicola insolens'', and ''Bacillus'' sp.

==== Pectinases ====
Pectinase is a complex enzyme that degrades the pectin present in lignocellulosic biomass. Pectin is a polymer of α-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid. This enzyme breaks down polygalacturonic acid (GalA) into a monomeric unit by opening glycosidic linkages. It helps the softening of biomass and therefore aids in the hydrolysis of biomass.

==== Other accessory enzymes ====
The accessory enzymes are also a crucial part in the hydrolysis of LCB and enhance the hydrolysis yield and reduce the enzyme cost and dosages. The breakdown of hemicelluloses is further accompanied by the addition of ß-xylosidases which produces a final product of oligomer with different length as intermediates. Another important accessory enzyme is α-arabinofuranidase for breaking down arabinose into monomers of furanose and pyranose.

== Product ==
Products enzymatic pre-treatment:

* Cellulose
* Hemicellulose
* Lignin

Potential products after fermentation:

* Bioethanol
* Biodiesel
* Biobutanol
* Methane
* Specialty chemicals

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| MetGen Oy
| Finland
| Biorefining technology
| '''METNIN™'''
| 8
| 1
|3000
|50
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== MetGen Oy ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=MetGen Oy|Processable volume=3 tonnes|Feedstock=Lignin (waste stream in pulp and paper industries and biorefineries)|Other=|Temperature=50|Safety restrictions=|Reactor material=Acid durable steel quality S 316|Reactor=Steel Reactor|Controlled paramaters=Temperature, pressure, air flow, pH, DS|Webpage=www.metgen.com|Agitator=Rushton turbine|Capacity=50 kg/week (lignin)|TRL=8|Technology category=Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies)|Technology name=METNIN™|Contact=Alex Michine|Country=Finland|Product=METNIN™ SHIELD - a sustainable BIO-BASED additive for fiber-based packaging boards.|Image=METGEN logo.jpg}}

MetGen has developed and commercially launched a novel lignin valorization technology, METNIN™ to valorize the underutilized lignin streams from modern biorefineries, and pulp and paper mills. METNIN™ is a unique market driven technology combines affordable engineering with advanced biotechnology and turns abundant industrial side stream into sustainable and recyclable alternatives for petrochemicals.

Potentially, the technology produces three main products such as METNIN™SHIELD for additives in packaging applications, METNIN™ lignopolyols in polyurethane application, METNIN™ resins for plywood adhesives. The technology is lignin agnostic and provides the missing link in the value-chain between crude lignin and high value lignin fractions for specific end user products. MetGen’s near-term goal is to accelerate the commercialization of METNIN™ technology and widen the bio-based products’ to market as fast as possible. This will open new opportunities for biorefinery lignin valorization thus paving the way for sustainable and more cost-efficient biorefinery business model. Currently, MetGen is in progress of bringing METNIN™ technology from pilot to demonstration scale with potential to reduce GHG emission by 85%.

METGEN is one of the leading innovators in creating and developing bio-based technologies. Our mission is to enable industries to enhance the value of lignocellulosic biomass through enzymatic solutions. MetGen addresses the demand for creating more sustainable production solutions, helping to meet the ever-growing desire to increase sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, minimize the carbon footprint and conserve biodiversity.

The switch to bio-based feedstocks allows the chemical industry to cut dependency on finite fossil feedstocks and increases the use of more resource-efficient biobased technologies. MetGen is at the core of this development. MetGen produces enzymes on an industrial scale, providing commercial enzymatic solutions to modern biorefineries and the pulp & paper and biogas industries. Our philosophy is to design enzymes for maximum impact in real-life process conditions.

After taking science from the labs to the brink of building factories, it is time to share a few experiences along the way. Innovation comes in many layers and MetGen’s presentation unravels the entangled enzymes, processes, chemistries, bio-products, financing, and business models to a more crisp view of the future of the bio-economy.

MetGen’s business model for METNIN™ technology and other enzymatic technologies is 2-fold: manufacturing and licensing of technologies. The market is too wide for any one company to capture alone and the societal and environmental impact can only be maximized through a parallel business model, licensing. MetGen shall produce the material on its own but also license the METNIN™ technology to be integrated into various types of biorefineries. This project will support and lay the foundation for both business avenues.

As the METNIN™ technology is lignin-agnostic, there are vast opportunities for future commercial replication. METNIN™ is a platform technology and can be operated independently to serve the entire industry. Production of large volumes of products maximizes the value of the technology. Even though the plant can be built next to an existing producer of lignin and take advantage of the synergies in utility sourcing as well as the chemicals recycling, the business model is best served if the operations are not dependent on any one operator of a source of raw material. The low energy demand for operations allows the facility to be located also as a stand-alone establishment. MetGen has received many indications of interest to co-locate the facility by the industry, showing the future expansion potential. The technology is modular, hence leaving flexibility for capacity scale-up to be realized after achieving the expected performance and up-time by first fractionation module.

METNIN™ technology can be used as a stand-alone operational unit but can also be integrated in existing P&P mills and Biorefineries.

LCA study has been carried out using third party services. METNIN™ technology demo plant with 3 selected products shows an emission reduction potential of 85% greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction compared to the fossil based manufacturing of the same products.

=== NovelYeast bv ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=NovelYeast bv|Processable volume=5|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Application of commercial enzyme cocktails, development of in situ enzyme production|Temperature=25-60|Safety restrictions=Standard microbiological practice|Reactor material=Glass|Reactor=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Controlled paramaters=Standard parameters|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Agitator=Shake flasks, magnetic stirring|Capacity=Lab scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Enzymatic saccharification|Technology name=Enzymatic saccharification, In-situ enzyme production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Fermentable sugars}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) ===

=== DSM (Delft, Netherland) ===

=== Dupont (Wilmington, United States) ===

=== University of Naples (Naples, Italy) ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=University of Naples "Federico II"; Department of Chemical Sciences|Country=Italy|Contact=Professor Vincenza Faraco, PhD
Department of Chemical Sciences
Via Cintia, 4 IT-80126 Napoli|Webpage=https://www.docenti.unina.it/vincenza.faraco|Technology name=Enzymatic Hydrolysis|TRL=2-4|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Product=Fermentable sugars|Image=Logo_istituzionale_federico_II.jpg|Reactor material=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Reactor=not relevant|Processable volume=not relevant|Controlled paramaters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

The Department of Chemical Sciences of University of Napoli Federico II hosts about 100 researchers and 20 units of technicians and administrative personnel. The main activities of the Department are the Research, the Didactics and the so-called third mission activitities. The Research activities cover several areas of Chemistry, including the design and synthesis of new molecules, from low mass to macromolecules, the purification and the analytic characterization of natural and synthetic molecules, the structural characterization of new molecules through X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical and spin electron spectroscopy techniques, mass spectroscopy. The design, the synthesis and the characterization of new molecules are aimed, for example, to the production of innovative molecules with catalytic properties in important chemical and polymerization processes, or to the production of new functional materials, for several applications in a wide range of fields. Research activities also regard the study of biomolecules and biopolymers for applications in biotechnology, from the development of biosensors to biomedical applications, the study of organic functional molecules and organic polymers for special applications, such as the microelectronics, or the development of new materials with innovative mechanical properties, and the study of nanostructured materials for applications in several fields going from the biology to the medicine, from microelectronics to nanophotonics.

The Department of Chemical Sciences offer the following study programmes:

* Bachelor Degree in Chemistry
* Master Degree in Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Industrial Chemistry
* Master Degree in Science and Technology of the Industrial Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies
* Master Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies

The Department of Chemical Sciences offers the following PhD Courses:

* PhD Course in Chemical Sciences

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B72%5D=72&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

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2022-11-14T14:29:24Z

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Enzymatic processes

2022-11-14T14:28:02Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Enzymatic processes|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]]|Product=Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin}}
<onlyinclude>'''Enzymatic processes''' utilise enzymes (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) which are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts).<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Enzyme|e-pub date=|date accessed=24-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme}}</ref> In terms of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, enzymes find two main applications: i) biomass pretreatment, and ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis. Biomass enzymatic pre-treatment falls under the category of "biological pre-treatment". Other pre-treatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass includes, physical (e.g., mechanical), [[Hydrolysis|chemical]] (e.g., acid and alkali), physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]] and AFEX), and a combination thereof<ref>{{Cite journal|author=E. Hosseini Koupaie, S. Dahadha, A.A. Bazyar Lakeh, A. Azizi, E. Elbeshbishy|year=2018|title=Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production - A review|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=233|page=774-784|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.106}}</ref>. polysaccharides hydrolysis is a concept mostly applied in biorefineries as part of the [[hydrolysis]] of plant cell wall constituents like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) can be collected as a waste material from forest residues, agricultural, and industrial activities. LCB is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K.|year=2015|title=Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresour. Technol.|volume=178|page=178-186|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103}}</ref> The physical appearance and strenght of the biomass depend on the varying concentration of these polymers and therefore greatly influences the type of pre-treatment strategy applied for its deconstruction.
[[File:Composition-of-the-plant-cell-wall.png|thumb|Composition of the plant cell wall]]

==== Structural features LCB: ====

===== Cellulose =====
Cellulose is a polysaccharide polymer of glucose disaccharide units, cellobiose, linked tightly by ß-1,4-glycoside bonds. Cellulose molecules are linked by hdyrogen bonds and have different orientations resulting in different levels of crystallinity. Its crystallinity plays a crucial role in the biodegradation of cellulose and, in general, the higher crystallinity level makes it harder to biodegrade the cellulose.

===== Hemicellulose =====
Hemicellulose is a random and branched heterogeneous polymer of different polysaccharides including pentoses (xylose and arabinose), hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose) and sugar acids. The branched nature of the hemicellulose allows it to form strong bonds with cellulose (through hydrogen bonds) and lignin (through covalent bonds).

===== Lignin =====
Lignin is a complex and large compound made out of phenylpropane units linked in a three-dimensional structure. The main monomers of lignin are p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Lignin acts as a cementing material that links celluose and hemicellulose to form the rigid three-dimensional structure of the plant cell wall.

=== Pre-treatment ===
[[File:Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment.PNG|thumb|Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment]]
The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic pre-treatment:

* [[Sizing]] (e.g., milling, grinding)
* [[Steam explosion]] (hybrid pre-treatment; e.g., combined with laccase pretreatment)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weihua Qiu, Hongzhang Chen|year=2012|title=Enhanced the ezymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat straw after combined steam explosion and laccase pretreatment|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=118|page=8-12|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.033}}</ref>

The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic hydrolysis<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal|year=2016|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92-102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106}}</ref>,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>:

* Physical (e.g., milling, grinding, [[ultrasonication]], extrusion)
* Chemical (e.g., acid, alkali, ionic liquid, organosolv)
* Physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]], hot water, [[Ammonia fibre expansion|AFEX]], wet oxidation)
* Biological (e.g., microbial and enzymatic)

== Process and technologies ==

=== Enzymatic pre-treatment (biological pre-treatment) ===

Biological pre-treatment systems rely on biological agents (e.g., enzymes) to delignify lignocellulose and make the process of enzymatic hydrolysis more convenient. The effect of enzymes on the lignocellulosic biomass depends on the type of enzymes as well as the composition of the biomass being treated. This is due to enzyme specificity in terms of the type of the reactions that they catalyze. Laccase (Lac), manganese peroxide (MnP) and versatile peroxide (VP) are enzymes that are used extensively to treat the lignocellulosic substrate<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baruah J., Nath B.K., Sharma R., Kumar S., Deka R.C., Kalita E.|year=2018|title=Recent Trends in the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Products|journal=Front. Energy Res.|volume=141|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141}}</ref>. Biological pre-treatment of LCB is often knows as a simple, inexpensive, selective, and environmentally-friendly technology. This is mainly due to the fact that biological pre-treatment does not require high energy inputs or chemicals addition. Furthermore, enzymatic treatment has found success in the removal of toxic inhibitory compounds (i.e., complete removal of phenolic compounds). The limitations asociated with enzymatic pretreatment is its production cost, stability, shelf life, and reusability<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>.

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (e.g., cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, and fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. Different enzymes play different roles in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass:

==== Cellulases ====
Cellulases are one of the key enzymes in biomass hydrolysis. Cellulases are a family of enzymes that synergistically act on cellulose to hydrolyze it to its monomers. Cellulases acts on the ß-1,4-glycosidic linkages in cellulose. The complete hydrolysis of cellulose is mediated by combination of three main cellulases, namely endoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.14 (EC 3.2.14)], exoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.91 (EC 3.2.1.91)], and glycosidase [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.21 (EC 3.2.1.21)]. ''T. reesei''-based cellulases have been the focus of research for the past several years and are widely used in laboratory- as well as pilot-scale studies for bioethanol application. Most commercially accessible enzymes for biomass hydrolysis are actually cocktails of cellulases from ''Trichoderma'' or ''Aspergillus'' supplemented with ß-glucosidases from other sources.

==== Hemicellulases ====
Hemicellulose consists of a mixture of glucose and sugar monomers. Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose-containing pentose sugars, such as xylose. The enzyme xylanase helps to catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan. Hydrolysis of xylan is mediated by the action of multiple xylanases (i.e., endoxylanases and exoxylanases). Commercially, xylanases are produced from ''T. reesei'', ''A. niger'', ''humicola insolens'', and ''Bacillus'' sp.

==== Pectinases ====
Pectinase is a complex enzyme that degrades the pectin present in lignocellulosic biomass. Pectin is a polymer of α-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid. This enzyme breaks down polygalacturonic acid (GalA) into a monomeric unit by opening glycosidic linkages. It helps the softening of biomass and therefore aids in the hydrolysis of biomass.

==== Other accessory enzymes ====
The accessory enzymes are also a crucial part in the hydrolysis of LCB and enhance the hydrolysis yield and reduce the enzyme cost and dosages. The breakdown of hemicelluloses is further accompanied by the addition of ß-xylosidases which produces a final product of oligomer with different length as intermediates. Another important accessory enzyme is α-arabinofuranidase for breaking down arabinose into monomers of furanose and pyranose.

== Product ==
Products enzymatic pre-treatment:

* Cellulose
* Hemicellulose
* Lignin

Potential products after fermentation:

* Bioethanol
* Biodiesel
* Biobutanol
* Methane
* Specialty chemicals

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| MetGen Oy
| Finland
| Biorefining technology
| '''METNIN™'''
| 8
| 1
|3000
|50
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== MetGen Oy ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=MetGen Oy|Processable volume=3 tonnes|Feedstock=Lignin (waste stream in pulp and paper industries and biorefineries)|Other=|Temperature=50|Safety restrictions=|Reactor material=Acid durable steel quality S 316|Reactor=Steel Reactor|Controlled paramaters=Temperature, pressure, air flow, pH, DS|Webpage=www.metgen.com|Agitator=Rushton turbine|Capacity=50 kg/week (lignin)|TRL=8|Technology category=Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies)|Technology name=METNIN™|Contact=Alex Michine|Country=Finland|Product=METNIN™ SHIELD - a sustainable BIO-BASED additive for fiber-based packaging boards.}}

MetGen has developed and commercially launched a novel lignin valorization technology, METNIN™ to valorize the underutilized lignin streams from modern biorefineries, and pulp and paper mills. METNIN™ is a unique market driven technology combines affordable engineering with advanced biotechnology and turns abundant industrial side stream into sustainable and recyclable alternatives for petrochemicals.

Potentially, the technology produces three main products such as METNIN™SHIELD for additives in packaging applications, METNIN™ lignopolyols in polyurethane application, METNIN™ resins for plywood adhesives. The technology is lignin agnostic and provides the missing link in the value-chain between crude lignin and high value lignin fractions for specific end user products. MetGen’s near-term goal is to accelerate the commercialization of METNIN™ technology and widen the bio-based products’ to market as fast as possible. This will open new opportunities for biorefinery lignin valorization thus paving the way for sustainable and more cost-efficient biorefinery business model. Currently, MetGen is in progress of bringing METNIN™ technology from pilot to demonstration scale with potential to reduce GHG emission by 85%.

METGEN is one of the leading innovators in creating and developing bio-based technologies. Our mission is to enable industries to enhance the value of lignocellulosic biomass through enzymatic solutions. MetGen addresses the demand for creating more sustainable production solutions, helping to meet the ever-growing desire to increase sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, minimize the carbon footprint and conserve biodiversity.

The switch to bio-based feedstocks allows the chemical industry to cut dependency on finite fossil feedstocks and increases the use of more resource-efficient biobased technologies. MetGen is at the core of this development. MetGen produces enzymes on an industrial scale, providing commercial enzymatic solutions to modern biorefineries and the pulp & paper and biogas industries. Our philosophy is to design enzymes for maximum impact in real-life process conditions.

After taking science from the labs to the brink of building factories, it is time to share a few experiences along the way. Innovation comes in many layers and MetGen’s presentation unravels the entangled enzymes, processes, chemistries, bio-products, financing, and business models to a more crisp view of the future of the bio-economy.

MetGen’s business model for METNIN™ technology and other enzymatic technologies is 2-fold: manufacturing and licensing of technologies. The market is too wide for any one company to capture alone and the societal and environmental impact can only be maximized through a parallel business model, licensing. MetGen shall produce the material on its own but also license the METNIN™ technology to be integrated into various types of biorefineries. This project will support and lay the foundation for both business avenues.

As the METNIN™ technology is lignin-agnostic, there are vast opportunities for future commercial replication. METNIN™ is a platform technology and can be operated independently to serve the entire industry. Production of large volumes of products maximizes the value of the technology. Even though the plant can be built next to an existing producer of lignin and take advantage of the synergies in utility sourcing as well as the chemicals recycling, the business model is best served if the operations are not dependent on any one operator of a source of raw material. The low energy demand for operations allows the facility to be located also as a stand-alone establishment. MetGen has received many indications of interest to co-locate the facility by the industry, showing the future expansion potential. The technology is modular, hence leaving flexibility for capacity scale-up to be realized after achieving the expected performance and up-time by first fractionation module.

METNIN™ technology can be used as a stand-alone operational unit but can also be integrated in existing P&P mills and Biorefineries.

LCA study has been carried out using third party services. METNIN™ technology demo plant with 3 selected products shows an emission reduction potential of 85% greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction compared to the fossil based manufacturing of the same products.

=== NovelYeast bv ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=NovelYeast bv|Processable volume=5|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Application of commercial enzyme cocktails, development of in situ enzyme production|Temperature=25-60|Safety restrictions=Standard microbiological practice|Reactor material=Glass|Reactor=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Controlled paramaters=Standard parameters|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Agitator=Shake flasks, magnetic stirring|Capacity=Lab scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Enzymatic saccharification|Technology name=Enzymatic saccharification, In-situ enzyme production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Fermentable sugars}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) ===

=== DSM (Delft, Netherland) ===

=== Dupont (Wilmington, United States) ===

=== University of Naples (Naples, Italy) ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=University of Naples "Federico II"; Department of Chemical Sciences|Country=Italy|Contact=Professor Vincenza Faraco, PhD
Department of Chemical Sciences
Via Cintia, 4 IT-80126 Napoli|Webpage=https://www.docenti.unina.it/vincenza.faraco|Technology name=Enzymatic Hydrolysis|TRL=2-4|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Product=Fermentable sugars|Image=Logo_istituzionale_federico_II.jpg|Reactor material=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Reactor=not relevant|Processable volume=not relevant|Controlled paramaters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

The Department of Chemical Sciences of University of Napoli Federico II hosts about 100 researchers and 20 units of technicians and administrative personnel. The main activities of the Department are the Research, the Didactics and the so-called third mission activitities. The Research activities cover several areas of Chemistry, including the design and synthesis of new molecules, from low mass to macromolecules, the purification and the analytic characterization of natural and synthetic molecules, the structural characterization of new molecules through X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical and spin electron spectroscopy techniques, mass spectroscopy. The design, the synthesis and the characterization of new molecules are aimed, for example, to the production of innovative molecules with catalytic properties in important chemical and polymerization processes, or to the production of new functional materials, for several applications in a wide range of fields. Research activities also regard the study of biomolecules and biopolymers for applications in biotechnology, from the development of biosensors to biomedical applications, the study of organic functional molecules and organic polymers for special applications, such as the microelectronics, or the development of new materials with innovative mechanical properties, and the study of nanostructured materials for applications in several fields going from the biology to the medicine, from microelectronics to nanophotonics.

The Department of Chemical Sciences offer the following study programmes:

* Bachelor Degree in Chemistry
* Master Degree in Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Industrial Chemistry
* Master Degree in Science and Technology of the Industrial Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies
* Master Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies

The Department of Chemical Sciences offers the following PhD Courses:

* PhD Course in Chemical Sciences

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B72%5D=72&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Enzymatic processes

2022-11-14T14:24:19Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */ Added MetGen

{{Infobox technology|Name=Enzymatic processes|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]]|Product=Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin}}
<onlyinclude>'''Enzymatic processes''' utilise enzymes (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) which are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts).<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Enzyme|e-pub date=|date accessed=24-09-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme}}</ref> In terms of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, enzymes find two main applications: i) biomass pretreatment, and ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis. Biomass enzymatic pre-treatment falls under the category of "biological pre-treatment". Other pre-treatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass includes, physical (e.g., mechanical), [[Hydrolysis|chemical]] (e.g., acid and alkali), physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]] and AFEX), and a combination thereof<ref>{{Cite journal|author=E. Hosseini Koupaie, S. Dahadha, A.A. Bazyar Lakeh, A. Azizi, E. Elbeshbishy|year=2018|title=Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production - A review|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=233|page=774-784|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.106}}</ref>. polysaccharides hydrolysis is a concept mostly applied in biorefineries as part of the [[hydrolysis]] of plant cell wall constituents like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) can be collected as a waste material from forest residues, agricultural, and industrial activities. LCB is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K.|year=2015|title=Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresour. Technol.|volume=178|page=178-186|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103}}</ref> The physical appearance and strenght of the biomass depend on the varying concentration of these polymers and therefore greatly influences the type of pre-treatment strategy applied for its deconstruction.
[[File:Composition-of-the-plant-cell-wall.png|thumb|Composition of the plant cell wall]]

==== Structural features LCB: ====

===== Cellulose =====
Cellulose is a polysaccharide polymer of glucose disaccharide units, cellobiose, linked tightly by ß-1,4-glycoside bonds. Cellulose molecules are linked by hdyrogen bonds and have different orientations resulting in different levels of crystallinity. Its crystallinity plays a crucial role in the biodegradation of cellulose and, in general, the higher crystallinity level makes it harder to biodegrade the cellulose.

===== Hemicellulose =====
Hemicellulose is a random and branched heterogeneous polymer of different polysaccharides including pentoses (xylose and arabinose), hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose) and sugar acids. The branched nature of the hemicellulose allows it to form strong bonds with cellulose (through hydrogen bonds) and lignin (through covalent bonds).

===== Lignin =====
Lignin is a complex and large compound made out of phenylpropane units linked in a three-dimensional structure. The main monomers of lignin are p-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Lignin acts as a cementing material that links celluose and hemicellulose to form the rigid three-dimensional structure of the plant cell wall.

=== Pre-treatment ===
[[File:Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment.PNG|thumb|Schematic of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment]]
The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic pre-treatment:

* [[Sizing]] (e.g., milling, grinding)
* [[Steam explosion]] (hybrid pre-treatment; e.g., combined with laccase pretreatment)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weihua Qiu, Hongzhang Chen|year=2012|title=Enhanced the ezymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat straw after combined steam explosion and laccase pretreatment|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=118|page=8-12|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.033}}</ref>

The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic hydrolysis<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal|year=2016|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92-102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106}}</ref>,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>:

* Physical (e.g., milling, grinding, [[ultrasonication]], extrusion)
* Chemical (e.g., acid, alkali, ionic liquid, organosolv)
* Physico-chemical (e.g., [[steam explosion]], hot water, [[Ammonia fibre expansion|AFEX]], wet oxidation)
* Biological (e.g., microbial and enzymatic)

== Process and technologies ==

=== Enzymatic pre-treatment (biological pre-treatment) ===

Biological pre-treatment systems rely on biological agents (e.g., enzymes) to delignify lignocellulose and make the process of enzymatic hydrolysis more convenient. The effect of enzymes on the lignocellulosic biomass depends on the type of enzymes as well as the composition of the biomass being treated. This is due to enzyme specificity in terms of the type of the reactions that they catalyze. Laccase (Lac), manganese peroxide (MnP) and versatile peroxide (VP) are enzymes that are used extensively to treat the lignocellulosic substrate<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baruah J., Nath B.K., Sharma R., Kumar S., Deka R.C., Kalita E.|year=2018|title=Recent Trends in the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Products|journal=Front. Energy Res.|volume=141|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141}}</ref>. Biological pre-treatment of LCB is often knows as a simple, inexpensive, selective, and environmentally-friendly technology. This is mainly due to the fact that biological pre-treatment does not require high energy inputs or chemicals addition. Furthermore, enzymatic treatment has found success in the removal of toxic inhibitory compounds (i.e., complete removal of phenolic compounds). The limitations asociated with enzymatic pretreatment is its production cost, stability, shelf life, and reusability<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bikash Kumar, Nisha Bhardwaj, Komal Agrawal, Venkatesh Chaturvedi, Pradeep Verma|year=2019|title=Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|volume=199|page=|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244}}</ref>.

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (e.g., cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, and fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. Different enzymes play different roles in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass:

==== Cellulases ====
Cellulases are one of the key enzymes in biomass hydrolysis. Cellulases are a family of enzymes that synergistically act on cellulose to hydrolyze it to its monomers. Cellulases acts on the ß-1,4-glycosidic linkages in cellulose. The complete hydrolysis of cellulose is mediated by combination of three main cellulases, namely endoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.14 (EC 3.2.14)], exoglucanases [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.91 (EC 3.2.1.91)], and glycosidase [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.2.1.21 (EC 3.2.1.21)]. ''T. reesei''-based cellulases have been the focus of research for the past several years and are widely used in laboratory- as well as pilot-scale studies for bioethanol application. Most commercially accessible enzymes for biomass hydrolysis are actually cocktails of cellulases from ''Trichoderma'' or ''Aspergillus'' supplemented with ß-glucosidases from other sources.

==== Hemicellulases ====
Hemicellulose consists of a mixture of glucose and sugar monomers. Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose-containing pentose sugars, such as xylose. The enzyme xylanase helps to catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan. Hydrolysis of xylan is mediated by the action of multiple xylanases (i.e., endoxylanases and exoxylanases). Commercially, xylanases are produced from ''T. reesei'', ''A. niger'', ''humicola insolens'', and ''Bacillus'' sp.

==== Pectinases ====
Pectinase is a complex enzyme that degrades the pectin present in lignocellulosic biomass. Pectin is a polymer of α-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid. This enzyme breaks down polygalacturonic acid (GalA) into a monomeric unit by opening glycosidic linkages. It helps the softening of biomass and therefore aids in the hydrolysis of biomass.

==== Other accessory enzymes ====
The accessory enzymes are also a crucial part in the hydrolysis of LCB and enhance the hydrolysis yield and reduce the enzyme cost and dosages. The breakdown of hemicelluloses is further accompanied by the addition of ß-xylosidases which produces a final product of oligomer with different length as intermediates. Another important accessory enzyme is α-arabinofuranidase for breaking down arabinose into monomers of furanose and pyranose.

== Product ==
Products enzymatic pre-treatment:

* Cellulose
* Hemicellulose
* Lignin

Potential products after fermentation:

* Bioethanol
* Biodiesel
* Biobutanol
* Methane
* Specialty chemicals

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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|}

=== MetGen Oy ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=MetGen Oy|Processable volume=3 tonnes|Feedstock=Lignin (waste stream in pulp and paper industries and biorefineries)|Other=|Temperature=50|Safety restrictions=|Reactor material=Acid durable steel quality S 316|Reactor=Steel Reactor|Controlled paramaters=Temperature, pressure, air flow, pH, DS|Webpage=www.metgen.com|Agitator=Rushton turbine|Capacity=50 kg/week (lignin)|TRL=8|Technology category=Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies)|Technology name=METNIN™|Contact=Alex Michine|Country=Finland|Product=METNIN™ SHIELD - a sustainable BIO-BASED additive for fiber-based packaging boards.}}

MetGen has developed and commercially launched a novel lignin valorization technology, METNIN™ to valorize the underutilized lignin streams from modern biorefineries, and pulp and paper mills. METNIN™ is a unique market driven technology combines affordable engineering with advanced biotechnology and turns abundant industrial side stream into sustainable and recyclable alternatives for petrochemicals.

Potentially, the technology produces three main products such as METNIN™SHIELD for additives in packaging applications, METNIN™ lignopolyols in polyurethane application, METNIN™ resins for plywood adhesives. The technology is lignin agnostic and provides the missing link in the value-chain between crude lignin and high value lignin fractions for specific end user products. MetGen’s near-term goal is to accelerate the commercialization of METNIN™ technology and widen the bio-based products’ to market as fast as possible. This will open new opportunities for biorefinery lignin valorization thus paving the way for sustainable and more cost-efficient biorefinery business model. Currently, MetGen is in progress of bringing METNIN™ technology from pilot to demonstration scale with potential to reduce GHG emission by 85%.

METGEN is one of the leading innovators in creating and developing bio-based technologies. Our mission is to enable industries to enhance the value of lignocellulosic biomass through enzymatic solutions. MetGen addresses the demand for creating more sustainable production solutions, helping to meet the ever-growing desire to increase sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, minimize the carbon footprint and conserve biodiversity.

The switch to bio-based feedstocks allows the chemical industry to cut dependency on finite fossil feedstocks and increases the use of more resource-efficient biobased technologies. MetGen is at the core of this development. MetGen produces enzymes on an industrial scale, providing commercial enzymatic solutions to modern biorefineries and the pulp & paper and biogas industries. Our philosophy is to design enzymes for maximum impact in real-life process conditions.

After taking science from the labs to the brink of building factories, it is time to share a few experiences along the way. Innovation comes in many layers and MetGen’s presentation unravels the entangled enzymes, processes, chemistries, bio-products, financing, and business models to a more crisp view of the future of the bio-economy.

MetGen’s business model for METNIN™ technology and other enzymatic technologies is 2-fold: manufacturing and licensing of technologies. The market is too wide for any one company to capture alone and the societal and environmental impact can only be maximized through a parallel business model, licensing. MetGen shall produce the material on its own but also license the METNIN™ technology to be integrated into various types of biorefineries. This project will support and lay the foundation for both business avenues.

As the METNIN™ technology is lignin-agnostic, there are vast opportunities for future commercial replication. METNIN™ is a platform technology and can be operated independently to serve the entire industry. Production of large volumes of products maximizes the value of the technology. Even though the plant can be built next to an existing producer of lignin and take advantage of the synergies in utility sourcing as well as the chemicals recycling, the business model is best served if the operations are not dependent on any one operator of a source of raw material. The low energy demand for operations allows the facility to be located also as a stand-alone establishment. MetGen has received many indications of interest to co-locate the facility by the industry, showing the future expansion potential. The technology is modular, hence leaving flexibility for capacity scale-up to be realized after achieving the expected performance and up-time by first fractionation module.

METNIN™ technology can be used as a stand-alone operational unit but can also be integrated in existing P&P mills and Biorefineries.

LCA study has been carried out using third party services. METNIN™ technology demo plant with 3 selected products shows an emission reduction potential of 85% greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction compared to the fossil based manufacturing of the same products.

=== NovelYeast bv ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=NovelYeast bv|Processable volume=5|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Application of commercial enzyme cocktails, development of in situ enzyme production|Temperature=25-60|Safety restrictions=Standard microbiological practice|Reactor material=Glass|Reactor=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Controlled paramaters=Standard parameters|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Agitator=Shake flasks, magnetic stirring|Capacity=Lab scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Enzymatic saccharification|Technology name=Enzymatic saccharification, In-situ enzyme production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Fermentable sugars}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) ===

=== DSM (Delft, Netherland) ===

=== Dupont (Wilmington, United States) ===

=== University of Naples (Naples, Italy) ===
{{Infobox provider-enzymatic processes|Company=University of Naples "Federico II"; Department of Chemical Sciences|Country=Italy|Contact=Professor Vincenza Faraco, PhD
Department of Chemical Sciences
Via Cintia, 4 IT-80126 Napoli|Webpage=https://www.docenti.unina.it/vincenza.faraco|Technology name=Enzymatic Hydrolysis|TRL=2-4|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Product=Fermentable sugars|Image=Logo_istituzionale_federico_II.jpg|Reactor material=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Reactor=not relevant|Processable volume=not relevant|Controlled paramaters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

The Department of Chemical Sciences of University of Napoli Federico II hosts about 100 researchers and 20 units of technicians and administrative personnel. The main activities of the Department are the Research, the Didactics and the so-called third mission activitities. The Research activities cover several areas of Chemistry, including the design and synthesis of new molecules, from low mass to macromolecules, the purification and the analytic characterization of natural and synthetic molecules, the structural characterization of new molecules through X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical and spin electron spectroscopy techniques, mass spectroscopy. The design, the synthesis and the characterization of new molecules are aimed, for example, to the production of innovative molecules with catalytic properties in important chemical and polymerization processes, or to the production of new functional materials, for several applications in a wide range of fields. Research activities also regard the study of biomolecules and biopolymers for applications in biotechnology, from the development of biosensors to biomedical applications, the study of organic functional molecules and organic polymers for special applications, such as the microelectronics, or the development of new materials with innovative mechanical properties, and the study of nanostructured materials for applications in several fields going from the biology to the medicine, from microelectronics to nanophotonics.

The Department of Chemical Sciences offer the following study programmes:

* Bachelor Degree in Chemistry
* Master Degree in Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Industrial Chemistry
* Master Degree in Science and Technology of the Industrial Chemistry
* Bachelor Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies
* Master Degree in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnologies

The Department of Chemical Sciences offers the following PhD Courses:

* PhD Course in Chemical Sciences

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B72%5D=72&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Biocomposite processing

2022-10-18T14:21:51Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Zelfo Technology GmbH */ Finalised ZT profile

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = biomass-based material (like wood, dust, agricultural wastes or sidestreams)
| Product = Biocomposite
|Name= Biocomposite processing|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
[[File:Compounding-en.png|thumb|Compounding process]]
[[File:Türinnenverkleidung Hanf-PP nova.jpg|thumb|Interior carpeting of a car's door made by a biocomposite of hemp fibres and polyethylene]]
<onlyinclude>In '''Biocomposite processing''' bio-based materials are processed to composite materials. Normally, these materials consist of a polymeric matrix that can be fossil- or bio-based. Bio-based materials fixed in this are for example wood dust, natural fibres, straws, rice husks, nutshells and others. Best-known biocomposites are Wood-Plastic-Composites (WPC) or Natural-fibre reinforced materials.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Biocomposite processing is a secondary process where a composite material is formed by a matrix (resin) and a reinforcement of natural fibers or filling with other biomass-based materials like wood dust, agricultural wastes or sidestreams from food processing like nutshells or rice husks. In principal, the matrix can be a bio-based or a petro-based resin, but normally polymers like polypropylene, polyethylene or epoxys are used as matrix material.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The retting process, carried out with warm inoculated water, has been evaluated as a potential method to modify the structure of fibers in order to prepare polymeric biocomposites.<ref>{{Cite web|Author=Sisti, Laura; Totaro, Grazia; Vannini, Micaela; Fabbri, Paola; Kalia, Susheel; Zatta, Alessandro; Celli, Annamaria|year=2016|title=Evaluation of the retting process as a pre-treatment of vegetable fibers for the preparation of high-performance polymer biocomposites|e-pub date=2016/03/01|date accessed=14/02/2022|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285782567_Evaluation_of_the_retting_process_as_a_pre-treatment_of_vegetable_fibers_for_the_preparation_of_high-performance_polymer_biocomposites}}</ref>

== Process and technologies ==
=== Types of biocomposites ===
There are several types of biocomposites on the market that normally have a fossil-based matrix with natural fibre reinforcement or wood filling. In principal also the matrix can be bio-based consisting of bio-based polymers like PLA, bio-PE, biogenic epoxis or PHAs.

=== Processing technologies ===
In the compounding process the matrix materials are melted and then mixed with fillers, plasticisers, additives and fibres to a homogeneous formulate that can be given into a screw extruder. This produces an extrudate that will be cooled down in a water bath and then cutted into composite granules. The granules can be used to produce several types of products e.g. by injection moulding or other material processing technologies.

== Product ==
Products of Biocomposite processing are different kinds of biocomposites.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Sizing|Cutting]]
*Blown film extrusion
Biocomposite pellets are processed in an extrusion line machine, forcing the melt through a narrow slit die. The resulting thin film has the form of a tube also called a “bubble” (blown film).

Film blowing is a process of producing film by extrusion of molten biocomposite polymer into a continuous tube. The elements of the process include the resin pellets which are fed through a hopper into the extrusion line. Heat and friction convert the pellets to a melt which is forced through an annular or ring-shaped die to form a tube. The tube is inflated to increase its diameter and decrease the film gauge. At the same time, the tube is drawn away from the die, also to decrease its gauge. The tube, also called a “bubble,” is then flattened by collapsing frames and drawn through nip rolls and over idler rolls to a winder which produces the finished rolls of film.

As the tube inflates, its thickness becomes uniformly thinner as orientation in the transverse direction occurs, allowing a variety of thicknesses to be produced by combined control of the extruder throughput, inflation, and roller speed. As the inflation diameter increases relative to the annular die size, material orientation is increased and this ratio is known as the blow-up ratio. The extrusion die is shaped as a circle and air pressure is used to further expand the film. After it is expanded to the desired dimensions it is cooled to solidify thus creating flexible films for different applications.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: Epoxys
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: PE
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: PP
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
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!
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| [[Biocomposite processing#Mi-plast d.o.o.|Mi-plast d.o.o.]]
| Croatia
| -
| Biocomposite blown extrusion processing
| 6
| -
|
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| [[Biocomposite processing#Zelfo Technology GmbH|Zelfo Technology GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Natural Fibre Engineering
| 9
| 500-2000
|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
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|}

=== Mi-plast d.o.o. ===
{{Infobox provider-biocomposite processing|Company=Mi-plast d.o.o.|Webpage=https://mi-plast.eu/en/|Technology name=Biocomposite blown extrusion processing|TRL=6|Country=Croatia|Contact=mi-plast@mi-plast.eu|Application fields=Packaging industry|Image=|Feedstock=Bio-based polymers|Product=Flexible films and bags}}
Mi-plast is a private company based in Rijeka, Croatia, and has been active as an industrial producer of polyethilene flexible packaging since 1993. Its portoflio includes products used in construction, agriculture, packaging industry and retail. In 2010s, the company formed a Research and development department with the purpose of following the global ambition in reducing the environmental footprint. Participation in EU funded programmes enabled Mi-plast to gain knowledge on production of biocomposite polymers.

=== Bio-Lutions ===

=== Zelfo Technology GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-biocomposite processing|Company=Zelfo Technology GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Grégoire de Vilmorin|Webpage=https://www.zelfo-technology.com|Technology name=Natural Fibre Engineering|TRL=9|Capacity=500 to 2000|Application fields=Moulded Fibre: Fibre Boards|Feedstock=Cellulosic (virgin or recycled) and ligno-cellulosic (agro-residues) sources|Product=Self-Binding fibres|Image=Logo_Zelfo_Technology.jpg}}
Zelfo Technology GmbH is a natural fibre engineering company and its mission is to upgrade and valorize a wide range of new, recycled, and residual cellulose fibres. Zelfo Technology has more than 15 years experience working with natural fibres and has developed a patented technology that can be seen as a platform, with multiple intake materials - virgin and recycled cellulose, ligno-cellulosic materials, and agro-residues, industrial waste streams - and multiple fibre engineering solutions for paper, packaging, and fiberboard applications. Zelfo Technology is located in North Germany with both head office and pilot plant in Brandenburg (North of Berlin), and its business model is to license its technology. The pilot plant can supply pre-industrial quantities, as well as material testing facilities. The main application today is in moulded fibre packaging.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B69%5D=69&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Pyrolysis

2022-10-18T13:56:20Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Completed BTG-Bioliquids

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement).</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" />
!Feedstock:
!Corn stover
!Switchgrass
!Wood
|-
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]
|-
|Moisture
|8.0
|9.8
|42.0
|-
|Ash
|6.9
|8.1
|2.3
|-
|Volatile matter
|69.7
|69.1
|47.8
|-
|Fixed carbon
|15.4
|12.9
|7.9
|-
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]
|-
|Carbon
|49.7
|50.7
|51.5
|-
|Hydrogen
|5.91
|6.32
|4.71
|-
|Oxygen
|42.6
|41.0
|40.9
|-
|Nitrogen
|0.97
|0.83
|1.06
|-
|Sulphur
|0.11
|0.21
|0.12
|-
|Chlorine
|0.28
|0.22
|0.02
|-
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]
|-
|Cellulose
|36.3
|44.8
|38.3
|-
|Hemicellulose
|23.5
|35.3
|33.4
|-
|Lignin
|17.5
|11.9
|25.2
|}

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)

== Process and technologies ==
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.

In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:

# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals

The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.

=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===

* Fast pyrolysis
* Intermediate pyrolysis
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)

=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:

* Catalytic cracking
** One-step process
** Two-step process
* Hydrocracking
* Thermal cracking
* Thermal depolymerisation

=== Reactions ===
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.

== Product ==
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.

=== Char ===
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas.

=== Pyrolysis oil ===
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.

=== Pyrolysis gas ===
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]
|The Netherlands
|Groningen
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
|5-6
|10
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]
|The Netherlands
|Hengelo
|Fast Pyrolysis
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology
|8-9
|5,000
|
| Rotating Cone
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|
|-
|}

===BioBTX ===
(not officially confirmed profile){{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/
| Country = The Netherlands
| TRL = 5-6
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = 1-4
| Capacity = 10
| Temperature = 450-650
| Catalyst = Zeolite
| Other = Unknown
}}
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.

The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.

=== BTG Bioliquids===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = BTG Bioliquids
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/
| Country = The Netherlands
| TRL = 8-9
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis
| Feedstock = Woody biomass
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = n.a.
| Capacity = 5,000
| Temperature = 400-550
| Catalyst = None
|Contact=mark.richters@btg-bioliquids.com|Image=Btg-bioliquids.png}}
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on converting biomass residues into Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. In addition 2 FPBO-plants in Scandinavia are in commercial production at Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and Pyrocell in Sweden. Several other customer projects are under discussion in Europe and North America.

===Fortum (Combined Heat and Power plant, CHP; LignoCat?)===

===Fraunhofer UMSICHT (TCR-Process --> Susteen Technologies GmbH?)===

===Green Fuel Nordic===

=== INEOS ===

===KIT (bioliq-Project)===

===Preem (Biozin; RenFuel)===

===Pyrocell ===

=== Splainex Ecosystems ===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=Splainex Ecosystems|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.splainex.com|Contact=www.splainex.com/pyrolysis-company-contact.html|Technology name=Waste pyrolysis industrial plants|TRL=7-9|Capacity=65,000|Atmosphere=Inert|Temperature=400-700|Feedstock=MSW, RDF, Sewage sludge, Wooden biomass|Product=Pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, biochar, energy|Image=Splainex.jpg}}
In 2007 Splainex Ecosystems was founded originating from Splainex which was founded in 1994. The main focus of the company is the design and supply of pyrolysis plants, focussing on the pyrolysis unit equipment i.e. pyrolysis furnace, combustion chamber for energy recovery, char cooler. Quality equipment is supplied by their German partners. Offered services include project initiation/feasibility study, design and engineering, equipment fabrication and procurement, factory acceptance testing, packing and shipment, supply, on-site assistance with construction, commissioning, and start-up. Turn-key project delivery is also possible (mostly limited to Europe).

===Statkraft (Silva Green Fuel) ===

===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis|Company=VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland|Country=Finland|Webpage=www.vttresearch.com|Technology name=Pyrolysis technology|TRL=6|Capacity=154|Atmosphere=Inert|Feedstock=Biomass waste|Product=Pyrolysis oil, wax, char|Image=VTT-logo.png|Contact=www.vttresearch.com/en/about-us/contact-us}}
The VTT Technical Research Centre is a non-profit organisation owned and controlled by the state. The strategy is to support businesses and society to work on global challenges through research, innovation, and information. The research centre covers a wide range of topics such as biotechnology, circular economy, climate action, energy, plastics, and renewable and recyclable materials. VTT has a long-time experience in fast pyrolysis and realised one of VTT’s patent on biomass pyrolysis in 2006, on which a plant for bio oil production in Finland with a capacity of 10 tonnes per hour was established by Metso, UPM, and Fortum. A pilot scale with a capacity of 20 kg h-1 as well as bench scale plants with a capacity of 1-2 kg h-1 are available.

=== Polytechnic (GreenCarbon) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki>

Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki>

Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075

Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067

Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen

<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Btg-bioliquids-small.png

2022-10-18T13:54:24Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by BTG Bioliquids from BTG Bioliquids with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Logo BTG Bioliquids}}
|date=2022-10-18
|source=BTG Bioliquids
|author=BTG Bioliquids
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

File:Btg-bioliquids.png

2022-10-18T13:51:00Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by BTG Bioliquids from BTG Bioliquids with UploadWizard

Pyrolysis

2022-10-06T13:37:26Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* BTG Bioliquids */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement).</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" />
!Feedstock:
!Corn stover
!Switchgrass
!Wood
|-
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]
|-
|Moisture
|8.0
|9.8
|42.0
|-
|Ash
|6.9
|8.1
|2.3
|-
|Volatile matter
|69.7
|69.1
|47.8
|-
|Fixed carbon
|15.4
|12.9
|7.9
|-
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]
|-
|Carbon
|49.7
|50.7
|51.5
|-
|Hydrogen
|5.91
|6.32
|4.71
|-
|Oxygen
|42.6
|41.0
|40.9
|-
|Nitrogen
|0.97
|0.83
|1.06
|-
|Sulphur
|0.11
|0.21
|0.12
|-
|Chlorine
|0.28
|0.22
|0.02
|-
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]
|-
|Cellulose
|36.3
|44.8
|38.3
|-
|Hemicellulose
|23.5
|35.3
|33.4
|-
|Lignin
|17.5
|11.9
|25.2
|}

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)

== Process and technologies ==
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.

In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:

# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals

The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.

=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===

* Fast pyrolysis
* Intermediate pyrolysis
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)

=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:

* Catalytic cracking
** One-step process
** Two-step process
* Hydrocracking
* Thermal cracking
* Thermal depolymerisation

=== Reactions ===
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.

== Product ==
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.

=== Char ===
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas.

=== Pyrolysis oil ===
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.

=== Pyrolysis gas ===
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]
|The Netherlands
|Groningen
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
|5-6
|10
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]
|The Netherlands
|Hengelo
|Fast Pyrolysis
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology
|8-9
|5,000
|
| Rotating Cone
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|
|-
|}

===BioBTX ===
(not officially confirmed profile){{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/
| Country = The Netherlands
| TRL = 5-6
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = 1-4
| Capacity = 10
| Temperature = 450-650
| Catalyst = Zeolite
| Other = Unknown
}}
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.

The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.

=== BTG Bioliquids===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = BTG Bioliquids
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/
| Country = The Netherlands
| TRL = 8-9
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis
| Feedstock = Woody biomass
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = n.a.
| Capacity = 5,000
| Temperature = 400-550
| Catalyst = None
| Other = -
}}
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on wood residues. Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. Several new plants with Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and with Pyrocell in Sweden are announced, with currently two plants operational in Finland and Sweden.

===Fortum (Combined Heat and Power plant, CHP; LignoCat?)===

===Fraunhofer UMSICHT (TCR-Process --> Susteen Technologies GmbH?)===

===Green Fuel Nordic===

=== INEOS ===

===KIT (bioliq-Project)===

===Preem (Biozin; RenFuel)===

===Pyrocell ===

=== Splainex Ecosystems ===

===Statkraft (Silva Green Fuel) ===

===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===

=== Polytechnic (GreenCarbon) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki>

Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki>

Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075

Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067

Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen

<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-06-23T14:13:00Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* PERSEO Biotechnology SL */ fixed logo

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agiator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Dranco}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agiator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agiator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-06-23T14:10:44Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* PERSEO Biotechnology SL */ added logo

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agiator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Dranco}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agiator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agiator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=[[File:PERSEO Biotechnology logo.jpg|thumb|Logo of PERSEO Biotechnology SL]]}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:PERSEO Biotechnology logo.jpg

2022-06-23T14:09:45Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by PERSEO Biotechnology SL from http://www.perseobiotech.com with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Logo of PERSEO Biotechnology SL}}
|date=2021-01-27
|source=http://www.perseobiotech.com
|author=PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-06-23T14:05:32Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */ Included PERSEO

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agiator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Dranco}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agiator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agiator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Pyrolysis

2022-06-16T07:17:43Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)
| Product = Coal, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas
|Name=Pyrolysis|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Pyrolysis''' (from greek ''pyr,'' "fire" and ''lysis,'' "loosing/unbind") is a conversion technology that utilises a thermochemical process to convert organic compounds in presence of heat and absence of oxygen into valuable products which can be solid, liquid or gaseous. The chemical transformations of substances are generally accompanied by the breaking of chemical bonds which leads to the conversion of more complex molecules into simpler molecules which may also combine with each other to build up larger molecules again. The products of pyrolysis are usually not the actual building blocks of the decomposed substance, but are structurally modified (e.g. by cyclization and aromatisation or rearrangement).</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden and park waste]] as suitable feedstock.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" />
!Feedstock:
!Corn stover
!Switchgrass
!Wood
|-
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]
|-
|Moisture
|8.0
|9.8
|42.0
|-
|Ash
|6.9
|8.1
|2.3
|-
|Volatile matter
|69.7
|69.1
|47.8
|-
|Fixed carbon
|15.4
|12.9
|7.9
|-
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]
|-
|Carbon
|49.7
|50.7
|51.5
|-
|Hydrogen
|5.91
|6.32
|4.71
|-
|Oxygen
|42.6
|41.0
|40.9
|-
|Nitrogen
|0.97
|0.83
|1.06
|-
|Sulphur
|0.11
|0.21
|0.12
|-
|Chlorine
|0.28
|0.22
|0.02
|-
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]
|-
|Cellulose
|36.3
|44.8
|38.3
|-
|Hemicellulose
|23.5
|35.3
|33.4
|-
|Lignin
|17.5
|11.9
|25.2
|}

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:
*[[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* [[Densification]] (e.g. pressure-densification)
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Drying]] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)
* [[Extraction]] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)
* [[Torrefaction|Wet torrefaction]]
*[[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Composting]] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)

== Process and technologies ==
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.

In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include:

# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals

The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.

=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===

* Fast pyrolysis
* Intermediate pyrolysis
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)

=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:

* Catalytic cracking
** One-step process
** Two-step process
* Hydrocracking
* Thermal cracking
* Thermal depolymerisation

=== Reactions ===
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.

== Product ==
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.

=== Char ===
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas.

=== Pyrolysis oil ===
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.

=== Pyrolysis gas ===
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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|-
|[[Pyrolysis#BioBTX|BioBTX]]
|The Netherlands
|Groningen
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
|5-6
|10
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids|BTG Bioliquids]]
|The Netherlands
|Hengelo
|Fast Pyrolysis
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology
|8-9
|5,000
|
| Rotating Cone
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|
|-
|}

===BioBTX ===
(not officially confirmed profile){{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/
| Country = The Netherlands
| TRL = 5-6
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = 1-4
| Capacity = 10
| Temperature = 450-650
| Catalyst = Zeolite
| Other = Unknown
}}
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.

The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.

=== BTG Bioliquids===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = BTG Bioliquids
| Webpage = https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/
| Country = The Netherlands
| TRL = 8-9
| Technology name = BTG fast pyrolysis technology
| Technology category = Fast pyrolysis
| Feedstock = Woody biomass
| Product = Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)
| Reactor = Rotating Cone Reactor
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = -
| Capacity = 5,000
| Temperature = 400-550
| Catalyst = -
| Other = -
}}
[[File:EMPYRO.jpg|alt=EMPYRO factory|thumb|The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.]]
BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on wood residues. Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. Several new plants with Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and with Pyrocell in Sweden are announced, with currently two plants operational in Finland and Sweden.

===Fortum (Combined Heat and Power plant, CHP; LignoCat?)===

===Fraunhofer UMSICHT (TCR-Process --> Susteen Technologies GmbH?)===

===Green Fuel Nordic===

=== INEOS ===

===KIT (bioliq-Project)===

===Preem (Biozin; RenFuel)===

===Pyrocell ===

=== Splainex Ecosystems ===

===Statkraft (Silva Green Fuel) ===

===VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland===

=== Polytechnic (GreenCarbon) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B95%5D=95&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki>

Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki>

Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075

Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067

Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen

<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Pulping and fractionation

2022-05-30T14:03:50Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Groundwood */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Pulping and fractionation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|Other processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Woody biomass|Product=Pulp and lignin}}

'''Pulping''' is a process that extracts fibrous material from biomass, most commonly as a precursor for paper making. The process is often combined with '''fractionation''' processes to separate and valorise lignin. Pulping and fractionation processes separate the fibrous cellulose and lignin from the other components and impurities in the biomass. Main processes are mechanical, chemical, and a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping in a hybrid pulping process. Mechanical pulping relies on physical separation methods without added chemicals. However, water can be added to reduce the damage to the fibres from friction. Chemical pulping uses chemicals to remove the lignin from the pulp, resulting in a higher quality pulp. Hybrid technologies use chemicals to soften the lignin before a physical separation results in a pulp that still contains a substantial amount of the lignin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=|title=PrintWiki, The Free Encyclopedia of Print|e-pub date=|date accessed=6-9-2021|url=http://printwiki.org/Pulping}}</ref> Finally, biological pulping uses biotechnology for the pulping process<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=A review of the traditional pulping methods and the recent improvements in the pulping processes|year=2021-01-03|author=Drake Mboowa|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-020-01243-6}}</ref>.

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Pulping is performed on feedstock with a high fibre content. Before the pulping process, any material that is low in fibrous material should be removed. For example, wood undergoes debarking before the pulping process. Next, the biomass should be [[Sizing|sized]], for example by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]].<ref name=":0" /> The most common feedstock for pulping is woody biomass. Examples of non-woody biomass are sisal, rice straw, cotton linen, sugarcane bagasse, pineapple, and straw.<ref name=":1" />
===Pre-treatment===
The used biomass for pulping and fractionation process is often woody biomass. This feedstock first needs to be debarked and then [[Sizing#chipping|chipped]].

==Process and technologies==
===Chemical pulping===
The chemicals in chemical pulping allow for a near complete removal of the lignin from the biomass. This results in high quality pulps, which can be used for printing and writing paper. However, the yield of chemical pulping is generally lower than other methods, resulting in more expensive pulps.<ref name=":0" />
====Dissolving pulp and organosolv====
Dissolving pulp, and more specifically organosolv processes, is a typical example of the combination of pulping and fractionation. Dissolving pulp production entails a hydrolysis step before the pulping process, which is commonly sulfate or sulfite pulping. Most common method is to apply steam to the biomass, which hydrolyses and removes the hemicellulose and dissolves the organic acids. Organosolv methods, where organic solvents are introduced, can be used on biomass types that are not suitable for dissolving pulp technologies.<ref name=":1" />
====Cold soda pulping====
Cold soda pulping uses room temperature sodium hydroxide (20 to 30 °C) before a disk refining. The cold soda uses a fast impregnation of the biomass, which reduces the losses in lignin and polyose, resulting in high yields (85 – 92%). It can be combined with the Kraft process to recover the sodium hydroxide. The resulting pulp has a low brightness, but can be bleached with peroxide-hypochlorite.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphate pulping (Kraft)====
The Kraft process is the most common pulping process used globally. It uses the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at elevated temperatures (155 – 180 °C) and a steam pressure of 800 kPa to break down the lignin in the biomass. The lignin breaks down into hydroxyl and hydrosulfide ions, which dissolve in the liquor. Part of the hemicellulose and cellulose is also broken down by the treatment. The used chemicals are known as black liquor, which contains lignin, hemicellulose and extractives (oils, resins, and terpenes). The chemicals can be recovered and replenished with sodium salt, resulting in a cost-effective process.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphite pulping====
Sulfite pulping is similar to sulfate pulping, where both methods cook the biomass with chemicals to cleave the lignin bonds. In sulfite pulping a bisulfite of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, or sodium is used together with sulfur dioxide. Unlike Kraft pulping, this process is sensitive to extractives, which makes the process unsuitable for hardwood species. Moreover, chemical recovery is nearly impossible. The resulting pulp is brighter, easier to bleach and refine compared to Kraft pulp. <ref name=":1" />
===Hybrid pulping===
In hybrid pulping, the lignin is softened by chemicals, such as Sodium Sulfite and alkaline salts, before a mechanical pulping step. This results in stiff fibres which are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />
====Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP)====
In chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping, the biomass is pre-treated by steam and chemicals. The steam and chemicals soften the lignin, which reduces the mechanical energy required for the pulping. The pulp is obtained in high yields (85-95%) and has a high strength, suitable for high-grade printing paper.<ref name=":1" />
====Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC)====
The Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC) technology uses a combination of chemical pulping and refining. First the biomass is impregnated with sodium sulfite at 160 to 190 °C to remove lignin. Anthraquinone can be added to increase the rate of delignification. The sulfite is usually combined with a buffer solution to negate the effect of released organic acids. A second step in the process is a disk refining. Up to 15 to 20% of the lignin remains in the NSSC pulp, which is often used in unbleached products, where strength and stiffness are required.<ref name=":1" />
===Mechanical pulping===
Mechanical pulping is inexpensive and results in the highest yields. However, mechanical pulp also results in paper with a large number of imperfections. Technological advances are improving the quality of mechanical pulps, while maintaining the low cost and high yields.<ref name=":0" />
====Groundwood====
Stone groundwood pulping is the oldest mechanical pulping method, where the biomass is pressed against a rotating grindstone. The grindstone breaks apart the biomass into thin fibres and fragments, which are washed away with a water stream. The friction results in an increased temperature, which helps the process. The product stream is scanned to remove the larger particles, then the water is removed to thicken the pulp. The process has high yields (about 95%), because most lignin remains in the product. Next to stone groundwood, there are also '''pressure groundwood''', where additional pressure is applied and '''thermal groundwood''', which sues elevated temperatures.<ref name=":1" />
====Refiner====
=====Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)=====
In a refiner mechanical pulping process, the biomass is ground between rotating metal discs or plates. In a first step, the biomass is defibrated into separate individual fibres. In a second step, the fibres are loosened. The RMP pulp is stronger, freer, bulkier, and darker compared to traditional SGW pulp.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)=====
In this refiner process the biomass is preheated by impregnation of steam under pressure. The high temperature (115-155 °C) softens the lignin and helps in fibre separation. The refining takes place in two steps, the first at elevated pressure and temperature, around the glass transition temperature of lignin (140 °C), the second at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The resulting yields are high (>93%) and the pulp is characterised by its high strength.<ref name=":1" />
===Biological pulping===
Biological pulping takes advantage of natural methods to break down fibrous materials. For example, white-rot fungi can be used to soften and remove lignin.<ref name=":1" />
==Product==
The resulting product of the pulping process, called pulp, can be further processed into many paper and board products. Depending on the qualities of the pulp, different products are made. Mechanical pulps, which are low quality pulps, are suitable for low-quality paper, such as newspaper, catalogues, paper towels, tissues, and sanitary papers. High quality pulps from chemical pulping are used for printing and writing paper. Finally, the hybrid pulping processes give pulps with stiff fibres and are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />

The resulting products from fractionation processes include also lignin or lignin derivatives.
===Post-treatment===
After the pulping process, a paper-making process follows, which converts the pulp to paper and cardboard products.

In the case of a fractionation lignin products are formed as well. Depending on the application, lignin can be used as is, or chemically treated, for example by a sulfonation reaction.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Reagent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Yield [%]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
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!
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!
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!
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!
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|-
|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
|[numeric value]
|
|
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
|[numeric value]
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|}
===Fiberight===
===Valmet===
Valmet is a developer and supplier of process technologies, automation and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. The company has over 200 years of industrial history and was reborn through the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Group. Valmet offers tailored technology solutions for softwood and hardwood kraft pulp production, as well as various mechanical pulping technologies.

{{Infobox provider-pulping|Company=Valmet|Country=Finland|Technology name=Chemical and mechanical pulping|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|TRL=9|Technology category=Other processes|Feedstock=Hardwoods, softwoods, bamboo|Product=Pulp}}
==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B91%5D=91&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Organosolv pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B97%5D=97&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Sulphate/Sulphite pulping)]
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
<references />

Conversion

2022-05-30T14:03:22Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Other processes and technologies */

<onlyinclude>'''Conversion''' (not to be confused with chemical conversion) covers either the direct (without [[pre-processing]]) or indirect (with [[pre-processing]]) valorisation of biowaste into a final product followed by an optional [[post-processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
*[[Composting]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]
*[[Gas fermentation]]
* [[Industrial fermentation]]
*[[Insect farming]]
*[[Solid state fermentation]]

==Chemical processes and technologies==
* [[Heterogeneous catalysis]]
* [[Polymerisation]]

== Material processes and technologies ==

* [[Biocomposite processing]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Gasification]]
*[[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
*[[Torrefaction]]

== Other processes and technologies ==

* [[Pulping and fractionation]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Chemical pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Cold soda pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphate pulping .28Kraft.29|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Hybrid pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping .28CTMP.29|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping .28NSSC.29|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Mechanical pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
***[[Pulping and fractionation#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Refiner mechanical pulping .28RMP.29|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Thermomechanical pulping .28TMP.29|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]

Conversion

2022-05-30T14:02:54Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Other processes and technologies */ combined the groundwood technologies

<onlyinclude>'''Conversion''' (not to be confused with chemical conversion) covers either the direct (without [[pre-processing]]) or indirect (with [[pre-processing]]) valorisation of biowaste into a final product followed by an optional [[post-processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
*[[Composting]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]
*[[Gas fermentation]]
* [[Industrial fermentation]]
*[[Insect farming]]
*[[Solid state fermentation]]

==Chemical processes and technologies==
* [[Heterogeneous catalysis]]
* [[Polymerisation]]

== Material processes and technologies ==

* [[Biocomposite processing]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Gasification]]
*[[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
*[[Torrefaction]]

== Other processes and technologies ==

* [[Pulping and fractionation]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Chemical pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Cold soda pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphate pulping .28Kraft.29|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Hybrid pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping .28CTMP.29|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping .28NSSC.29|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Mechanical pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Refiner mechanical pulping .28RMP.29|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Thermomechanical pulping .28TMP.29|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Groundwood|Groundwood]]

Pulping and fractionation

2022-05-30T14:02:11Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: combined groundwood versions

{{Infobox technology|Name=Pulping and fractionation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|Other processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Woody biomass|Product=Pulp and lignin}}

'''Pulping''' is a process that extracts fibrous material from biomass, most commonly as a precursor for paper making. The process is often combined with '''fractionation''' processes to separate and valorise lignin. Pulping and fractionation processes separate the fibrous cellulose and lignin from the other components and impurities in the biomass. Main processes are mechanical, chemical, and a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping in a hybrid pulping process. Mechanical pulping relies on physical separation methods without added chemicals. However, water can be added to reduce the damage to the fibres from friction. Chemical pulping uses chemicals to remove the lignin from the pulp, resulting in a higher quality pulp. Hybrid technologies use chemicals to soften the lignin before a physical separation results in a pulp that still contains a substantial amount of the lignin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=|title=PrintWiki, The Free Encyclopedia of Print|e-pub date=|date accessed=6-9-2021|url=http://printwiki.org/Pulping}}</ref> Finally, biological pulping uses biotechnology for the pulping process<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=A review of the traditional pulping methods and the recent improvements in the pulping processes|year=2021-01-03|author=Drake Mboowa|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-020-01243-6}}</ref>.

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Pulping is performed on feedstock with a high fibre content. Before the pulping process, any material that is low in fibrous material should be removed. For example, wood undergoes debarking before the pulping process. Next, the biomass should be [[Sizing|sized]], for example by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]].<ref name=":0" /> The most common feedstock for pulping is woody biomass. Examples of non-woody biomass are sisal, rice straw, cotton linen, sugarcane bagasse, pineapple, and straw.<ref name=":1" />
===Pre-treatment===
The used biomass for pulping and fractionation process is often woody biomass. This feedstock first needs to be debarked and then [[Sizing#chipping|chipped]].

==Process and technologies==
===Chemical pulping===
The chemicals in chemical pulping allow for a near complete removal of the lignin from the biomass. This results in high quality pulps, which can be used for printing and writing paper. However, the yield of chemical pulping is generally lower than other methods, resulting in more expensive pulps.<ref name=":0" />
====Dissolving pulp and organosolv====
Dissolving pulp, and more specifically organosolv processes, is a typical example of the combination of pulping and fractionation. Dissolving pulp production entails a hydrolysis step before the pulping process, which is commonly sulfate or sulfite pulping. Most common method is to apply steam to the biomass, which hydrolyses and removes the hemicellulose and dissolves the organic acids. Organosolv methods, where organic solvents are introduced, can be used on biomass types that are not suitable for dissolving pulp technologies.<ref name=":1" />
====Cold soda pulping====
Cold soda pulping uses room temperature sodium hydroxide (20 to 30 °C) before a disk refining. The cold soda uses a fast impregnation of the biomass, which reduces the losses in lignin and polyose, resulting in high yields (85 – 92%). It can be combined with the Kraft process to recover the sodium hydroxide. The resulting pulp has a low brightness, but can be bleached with peroxide-hypochlorite.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphate pulping (Kraft)====
The Kraft process is the most common pulping process used globally. It uses the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at elevated temperatures (155 – 180 °C) and a steam pressure of 800 kPa to break down the lignin in the biomass. The lignin breaks down into hydroxyl and hydrosulfide ions, which dissolve in the liquor. Part of the hemicellulose and cellulose is also broken down by the treatment. The used chemicals are known as black liquor, which contains lignin, hemicellulose and extractives (oils, resins, and terpenes). The chemicals can be recovered and replenished with sodium salt, resulting in a cost-effective process.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphite pulping====
Sulfite pulping is similar to sulfate pulping, where both methods cook the biomass with chemicals to cleave the lignin bonds. In sulfite pulping a bisulfite of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, or sodium is used together with sulfur dioxide. Unlike Kraft pulping, this process is sensitive to extractives, which makes the process unsuitable for hardwood species. Moreover, chemical recovery is nearly impossible. The resulting pulp is brighter, easier to bleach and refine compared to Kraft pulp. <ref name=":1" />
===Hybrid pulping===
In hybrid pulping, the lignin is softened by chemicals, such as Sodium Sulfite and alkaline salts, before a mechanical pulping step. This results in stiff fibres which are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />
====Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP)====
In chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping, the biomass is pre-treated by steam and chemicals. The steam and chemicals soften the lignin, which reduces the mechanical energy required for the pulping. The pulp is obtained in high yields (85-95%) and has a high strength, suitable for high-grade printing paper.<ref name=":1" />
====Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC)====
The Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC) technology uses a combination of chemical pulping and refining. First the biomass is impregnated with sodium sulfite at 160 to 190 °C to remove lignin. Anthraquinone can be added to increase the rate of delignification. The sulfite is usually combined with a buffer solution to negate the effect of released organic acids. A second step in the process is a disk refining. Up to 15 to 20% of the lignin remains in the NSSC pulp, which is often used in unbleached products, where strength and stiffness are required.<ref name=":1" />
===Mechanical pulping===
Mechanical pulping is inexpensive and results in the highest yields. However, mechanical pulp also results in paper with a large number of imperfections. Technological advances are improving the quality of mechanical pulps, while maintaining the low cost and high yields.<ref name=":0" />
====Refiner====
=====Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)=====
In a refiner mechanical pulping process, the biomass is ground between rotating metal discs or plates. In a first step, the biomass is defibrated into separate individual fibres. In a second step, the fibres are loosened. The RMP pulp is stronger, freer, bulkier, and darker compared to traditional SGW pulp.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)=====
In this refiner process the biomass is preheated by impregnation of steam under pressure. The high temperature (115-155 °C) softens the lignin and helps in fibre separation. The refining takes place in two steps, the first at elevated pressure and temperature, around the glass transition temperature of lignin (140 °C), the second at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The resulting yields are high (>93%) and the pulp is characterised by its high strength.<ref name=":1" />
====Groundwood====
Stone groundwood pulping is the oldest mechanical pulping method, where the biomass is pressed against a rotating grindstone. The grindstone breaks apart the biomass into thin fibres and fragments, which are washed away with a water stream. The friction results in an increased temperature, which helps the process. The product stream is scanned to remove the larger particles, then the water is removed to thicken the pulp. The process has high yields (about 95%), because most lignin remains in the product. Next to stone groundwood, there are also '''pressure groundwood''', where additional pressure is applied and '''thermal groundwood''', which sues elevated temperatures.<ref name=":1" />
===Biological pulping===
Biological pulping takes advantage of natural methods to break down fibrous materials. For example, white-rot fungi can be used to soften and remove lignin.<ref name=":1" />
==Product==
The resulting product of the pulping process, called pulp, can be further processed into many paper and board products. Depending on the qualities of the pulp, different products are made. Mechanical pulps, which are low quality pulps, are suitable for low-quality paper, such as newspaper, catalogues, paper towels, tissues, and sanitary papers. High quality pulps from chemical pulping are used for printing and writing paper. Finally, the hybrid pulping processes give pulps with stiff fibres and are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />

The resulting products from fractionation processes include also lignin or lignin derivatives.
===Post-treatment===
After the pulping process, a paper-making process follows, which converts the pulp to paper and cardboard products.

In the case of a fractionation lignin products are formed as well. Depending on the application, lignin can be used as is, or chemically treated, for example by a sulfonation reaction.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Reagent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Yield [%]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
|[numeric value]
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
|[numeric value]
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===Fiberight===
===Valmet===
Valmet is a developer and supplier of process technologies, automation and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. The company has over 200 years of industrial history and was reborn through the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Group. Valmet offers tailored technology solutions for softwood and hardwood kraft pulp production, as well as various mechanical pulping technologies.

{{Infobox provider-pulping|Company=Valmet|Country=Finland|Technology name=Chemical and mechanical pulping|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|TRL=9|Technology category=Other processes|Feedstock=Hardwoods, softwoods, bamboo|Product=Pulp}}
==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B91%5D=91&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Organosolv pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B97%5D=97&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Sulphate/Sulphite pulping)]
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
<references />

Pulping and fractionation

2022-05-30T13:22:37Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Post-treatment */

'''Pulping''' is a process that extracts fibrous material from biomass, most commonly as a precursor for paper making. The process is often combined with '''fractionation''' processes to separate and valorise lignin. Pulping and fractionation processes separate the fibrous cellulose and lignin from the other components and impurities in the biomass. Main processes are mechanical, chemical, and a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping in a hybrid pulping process. Mechanical pulping relies on physical separation methods without added chemicals. However, water can be added to reduce the damage to the fibres from friction. Chemical pulping uses chemicals to remove the lignin from the pulp, resulting in a higher quality pulp. Hybrid technologies use chemicals to soften the lignin before a physical separation results in a pulp that still contains a substantial amount of the lignin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=|title=PrintWiki, The Free Encyclopedia of Print|e-pub date=|date accessed=6-9-2021|url=http://printwiki.org/Pulping}}</ref> Finally, biological pulping uses biotechnology for the pulping process<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=A review of the traditional pulping methods and the recent improvements in the pulping processes|year=2021-01-03|author=Drake Mboowa|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-020-01243-6}}</ref>.

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Pulping is performed on feedstock with a high fibre content. Before the pulping process, any material that is low in fibrous material should be removed. For example, wood undergoes debarking before the pulping process. Next, the biomass should be [[Sizing|sized]], for example by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]].<ref name=":0" /> The most common feedstock for pulping is woody biomass. Examples of non-woody biomass are sisal, rice straw, cotton linen, sugarcane bagasse, pineapple, and straw.<ref name=":1" />
===Pre-treatment===
The used biomass for pulping and fractionation process is often woody biomass. This feedstock first needs to be debarked and then [[Sizing#chipping|chipped]].

==Process and technologies==
===Chemical pulping===
The chemicals in chemical pulping allow for a near complete removal of the lignin from the biomass. This results in high quality pulps, which can be used for printing and writing paper. However, the yield of chemical pulping is generally lower than other methods, resulting in more expensive pulps.<ref name=":0" />
====Dissolving pulp and organosolv====
Dissolving pulp, and more specifically organosolv processes, is a typical example of the combination of pulping and fractionation. Dissolving pulp production entails a hydrolysis step before the pulping process, which is commonly sulfate or sulfite pulping. Most common method is to apply steam to the biomass, which hydrolyses and removes the hemicellulose and dissolves the organic acids. Organosolv methods, where organic solvents are introduced, can be used on biomass types that are not suitable for dissolving pulp technologies.<ref name=":1" />
====Cold soda pulping====
Cold soda pulping uses room temperature sodium hydroxide (20 to 30 °C) before a disk refining. The cold soda uses a fast impregnation of the biomass, which reduces the losses in lignin and polyose, resulting in high yields (85 – 92%). It can be combined with the Kraft process to recover the sodium hydroxide. The resulting pulp has a low brightness, but can be bleached with peroxide-hypochlorite.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphate pulping (Kraft)====
The Kraft process is the most common pulping process used globally. It uses the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at elevated temperatures (155 – 180 °C) and a steam pressure of 800 kPa to break down the lignin in the biomass. The lignin breaks down into hydroxyl and hydrosulfide ions, which dissolve in the liquor. Part of the hemicellulose and cellulose is also broken down by the treatment. The used chemicals are known as black liquor, which contains lignin, hemicellulose and extractives (oils, resins, and terpenes). The chemicals can be recovered and replenished with sodium salt, resulting in a cost-effective process.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphite pulping====
Sulfite pulping is similar to sulfate pulping, where both methods cook the biomass with chemicals to cleave the lignin bonds. In sulfite pulping a bisulfite of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, or sodium is used together with sulfur dioxide. Unlike Kraft pulping, this process is sensitive to extractives, which makes the process unsuitable for hardwood species. Moreover, chemical recovery is nearly impossible. The resulting pulp is brighter, easier to bleach and refine compared to Kraft pulp. <ref name=":1" />
===Hybrid pulping===
In hybrid pulping, the lignin is softened by chemicals, such as Sodium Sulfite and alkaline salts, before a mechanical pulping step. This results in stiff fibres which are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />
====Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP)====
In chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping, the biomass is pre-treated by steam and chemicals. The steam and chemicals soften the lignin, which reduces the mechanical energy required for the pulping. The pulp is obtained in high yields (85-95%) and has a high strength, suitable for high-grade printing paper.<ref name=":1" />
====Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC)====
The Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC) technology uses a combination of chemical pulping and refining. First the biomass is impregnated with sodium sulfite at 160 to 190 °C to remove lignin. Anthraquinone can be added to increase the rate of delignification. The sulfite is usually combined with a buffer solution to negate the effect of released organic acids. A second step in the process is a disk refining. Up to 15 to 20% of the lignin remains in the NSSC pulp, which is often used in unbleached products, where strength and stiffness are required.<ref name=":1" />
===Mechanical pulping===
Mechanical pulping is inexpensive and results in the highest yields. However, mechanical pulp also results in paper with a large number of imperfections. Technological advances are improving the quality of mechanical pulps, while maintaining the low cost and high yields.<ref name=":0" />
====Refiner====
=====Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)=====
In a refiner mechanical pulping process, the biomass is ground between rotating metal discs or plates. In a first step, the biomass is defibrated into separate individual fibres. In a second step, the fibres are loosened. The RMP pulp is stronger, freer, bulkier, and darker compared to traditional SGW pulp.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)=====
In this refiner process the biomass is preheated by impregnation of steam under pressure. The high temperature (115-155 °C) softens the lignin and helps in fibre separation. The refining takes place in two steps, the first at elevated pressure and temperature, around the glass transition temperature of lignin (140 °C), the second at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The resulting yields are high (>93%) and the pulp is characterised by its high strength.<ref name=":1" />
====Groundwood====
=====Pressure groundwood (PGW)=====
''Information still missing.''
=====Stone groundwood (SGW)=====
Stone groundwood pulping is the oldest mechanical pulping method, where the biomass is pressed against a rotating grindstone. The grindstone breaks apart the biomass into thin fibres and fragments, which are washed away with a water stream. The friction results in an increased temperature, which helps the process. The product stream is scanned to remove the larger particles, then the water is removed to thicken the pulp. The process has high yields (about 95%), because most lignin remains in the product.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermal groundwood (TGW)=====
''Information still missing.''
===Biological pulping===
Biological pulping takes advantage of natural methods to break down fibrous materials. For example, white-rot fungi can be used to soften and remove lignin.<ref name=":1" />
==Product==
The resulting product of the pulping process, called pulp, can be further processed into many paper and board products. Depending on the qualities of the pulp, different products are made. Mechanical pulps, which are low quality pulps, are suitable for low-quality paper, such as newspaper, catalogues, paper towels, tissues, and sanitary papers. High quality pulps from chemical pulping are used for printing and writing paper. Finally, the hybrid pulping processes give pulps with stiff fibres and are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />

The resulting products from fractionation processes include also lignin or lignin derivatives.
===Post-treatment===
After the pulping process, a paper-making process follows, which converts the pulp to paper and cardboard products.

In the case of a fractionation lignin products are formed as well. Depending on the application, lignin can be used as is, or chemically treated, for example by a sulfonation reaction.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Reagent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Yield [%]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
|[numeric value]
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
|[numeric value]
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===Fiberight===
===Valmet===
Valmet is a developer and supplier of process technologies, automation and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. The company has over 200 years of industrial history and was reborn through the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Group. Valmet offers tailored technology solutions for softwood and hardwood kraft pulp production, as well as various mechanical pulping technologies.
==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B91%5D=91&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Organosolv pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B97%5D=97&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Sulphate/Sulphite pulping)]
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
{{Infobox technology|Name=Pulping and fractionation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|Other processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Woody biomass|Product=Pulp}} {{Infobox provider-pulping|Company=Valmet|Country=Finland|Technology name=Chemical and mechanical pulping|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|TRL=9|Technology category=Other processes|Feedstock=Hardwoods, softwoods, bamboo|Product=Pulp}}
<references />

Hydrolysis

2022-05-30T13:14:43Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Process and technologies */ added pulping link

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== '''Ammonia''' =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
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!
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
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=== CropEnergies ===
Might be post-processing, they produce ethyl acetate from bio-ethanol, see also http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/18920/cropenergies-to-produce-renewable-ethyle-acetate)

=== NextChem ===

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Conversion

2022-05-30T13:12:30Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: updated pulping referals

<onlyinclude>'''Conversion''' (not to be confused with chemical conversion) covers either the direct (without [[pre-processing]]) or indirect (with [[pre-processing]]) valorisation of biowaste into a final product followed by an optional [[post-processing]].</onlyinclude>

== Biochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
*[[Composting]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]
*[[Gas fermentation]]
* [[Industrial fermentation]]
*[[Insect farming]]
*[[Solid state fermentation]]

==Chemical processes and technologies==
* [[Heterogeneous catalysis]]
* [[Polymerisation]]

== Material processes and technologies ==

* [[Biocomposite processing]]

== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==

* [[Gasification]]
*[[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
*[[Torrefaction]]

== Other processes and technologies ==

* [[Pulping and fractionation]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Chemical pulping|Chemical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|Organosolv]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Cold soda pulping|Soda]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphate pulping .28Kraft.29|Sulphate]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|Sulphite]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Hybrid pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping .28CTMP.29|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping .28NSSC.29|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
** [[Pulping and fractionation#Mechanical pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Refiner|Refiner]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Refiner mechanical pulping .28RMP.29|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Thermomechanical pulping .28TMP.29|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
*** [[Pulping and fractionation#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Pressure groundwood .28PGW.29|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Stone groundwood .28SGW.29|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
**** [[Pulping and fractionation#Thermal groundwood .28TGW.29|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]

Pulping and fractionation

2022-05-30T13:09:21Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Modified the pulping page to 'pulping and fractionation'

'''Pulping''' is a process that extracts fibrous material from biomass, most commonly as a precursor for paper making. The process is often combined with '''fractionation''' processes to separate and valorise lignin. Pulping and fractionation processes separate the fibrous cellulose and lignin from the other components and impurities in the biomass. Main processes are mechanical, chemical, and a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping in a hybrid pulping process. Mechanical pulping relies on physical separation methods without added chemicals. However, water can be added to reduce the damage to the fibres from friction. Chemical pulping uses chemicals to remove the lignin from the pulp, resulting in a higher quality pulp. Hybrid technologies use chemicals to soften the lignin before a physical separation results in a pulp that still contains a substantial amount of the lignin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|year=|title=PrintWiki, The Free Encyclopedia of Print|e-pub date=|date accessed=6-9-2021|url=http://printwiki.org/Pulping}}</ref> Finally, biological pulping uses biotechnology for the pulping process<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=A review of the traditional pulping methods and the recent improvements in the pulping processes|year=2021-01-03|author=Drake Mboowa|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-020-01243-6}}</ref>.

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Pulping is performed on feedstock with a high fibre content. Before the pulping process, any material that is low in fibrous material should be removed. For example, wood undergoes debarking before the pulping process. Next, the biomass should be [[Sizing|sized]], for example by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]].<ref name=":0" /> The most common feedstock for pulping is woody biomass. Examples of non-woody biomass are sisal, rice straw, cotton linen, sugarcane bagasse, pineapple, and straw.<ref name=":1" />
===Pre-treatment===
==Process and technologies==
===Chemical pulping===
The chemicals in chemical pulping allow for a near complete removal of the lignin from the biomass. This results in high quality pulps, which can be used for printing and writing paper. However, the yield of chemical pulping is generally lower than other methods, resulting in more expensive pulps.<ref name=":0" />
====Dissolving pulp and organosolv====
Dissolving pulp, and more specifically organosolv processes, is a typical example of the combination of pulping and fractionation. Dissolving pulp production entails a hydrolysis step before the pulping process, which is commonly sulfate or sulfite pulping. Most common method is to apply steam to the biomass, which hydrolyses and removes the hemicellulose and dissolves the organic acids. Organosolv methods, where organic solvents are introduced, can be used on biomass types that are not suitable for dissolving pulp technologies.<ref name=":1" />
====Cold soda pulping====
Cold soda pulping uses room temperature sodium hydroxide (20 to 30 °C) before a disk refining. The cold soda uses a fast impregnation of the biomass, which reduces the losses in lignin and polyose, resulting in high yields (85 – 92%). It can be combined with the Kraft process to recover the sodium hydroxide. The resulting pulp has a low brightness, but can be bleached with peroxide-hypochlorite.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphate pulping (Kraft)====
The Kraft process is the most common pulping process used globally. It uses the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at elevated temperatures (155 – 180 °C) and a steam pressure of 800 kPa to break down the lignin in the biomass. The lignin breaks down into hydroxyl and hydrosulfide ions, which dissolve in the liquor. Part of the hemicellulose and cellulose is also broken down by the treatment. The used chemicals are known as black liquor, which contains lignin, hemicellulose and extractives (oils, resins, and terpenes). The chemicals can be recovered and replenished with sodium salt, resulting in a cost-effective process.<ref name=":1" />
====Sulphite pulping====
Sulfite pulping is similar to sulfate pulping, where both methods cook the biomass with chemicals to cleave the lignin bonds. In sulfite pulping a bisulfite of ammonium, calcium, magnesium, or sodium is used together with sulfur dioxide. Unlike Kraft pulping, this process is sensitive to extractives, which makes the process unsuitable for hardwood species. Moreover, chemical recovery is nearly impossible. The resulting pulp is brighter, easier to bleach and refine compared to Kraft pulp. <ref name=":1" />
===Hybrid pulping===
In hybrid pulping, the lignin is softened by chemicals, such as Sodium Sulfite and alkaline salts, before a mechanical pulping step. This results in stiff fibres which are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />
====Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP)====
In chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping, the biomass is pre-treated by steam and chemicals. The steam and chemicals soften the lignin, which reduces the mechanical energy required for the pulping. The pulp is obtained in high yields (85-95%) and has a high strength, suitable for high-grade printing paper.<ref name=":1" />
====Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC)====
The Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC) technology uses a combination of chemical pulping and refining. First the biomass is impregnated with sodium sulfite at 160 to 190 °C to remove lignin. Anthraquinone can be added to increase the rate of delignification. The sulfite is usually combined with a buffer solution to negate the effect of released organic acids. A second step in the process is a disk refining. Up to 15 to 20% of the lignin remains in the NSSC pulp, which is often used in unbleached products, where strength and stiffness are required.<ref name=":1" />
===Mechanical pulping===
Mechanical pulping is inexpensive and results in the highest yields. However, mechanical pulp also results in paper with a large number of imperfections. Technological advances are improving the quality of mechanical pulps, while maintaining the low cost and high yields.<ref name=":0" />
====Refiner====
=====Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)=====
In a refiner mechanical pulping process, the biomass is ground between rotating metal discs or plates. In a first step, the biomass is defibrated into separate individual fibres. In a second step, the fibres are loosened. The RMP pulp is stronger, freer, bulkier, and darker compared to traditional SGW pulp.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)=====
In this refiner process the biomass is preheated by impregnation of steam under pressure. The high temperature (115-155 °C) softens the lignin and helps in fibre separation. The refining takes place in two steps, the first at elevated pressure and temperature, around the glass transition temperature of lignin (140 °C), the second at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The resulting yields are high (>93%) and the pulp is characterised by its high strength.<ref name=":1" />
====Groundwood====
=====Pressure groundwood (PGW)=====
''Information still missing.''
=====Stone groundwood (SGW)=====
Stone groundwood pulping is the oldest mechanical pulping method, where the biomass is pressed against a rotating grindstone. The grindstone breaks apart the biomass into thin fibres and fragments, which are washed away with a water stream. The friction results in an increased temperature, which helps the process. The product stream is scanned to remove the larger particles, then the water is removed to thicken the pulp. The process has high yields (about 95%), because most lignin remains in the product.<ref name=":1" />
=====Thermal groundwood (TGW)=====
''Information still missing.''
===Biological pulping===
Biological pulping takes advantage of natural methods to break down fibrous materials. For example, white-rot fungi can be used to soften and remove lignin.<ref name=":1" />
==Product==
The resulting product of the pulping process, called pulp, can be further processed into many paper and board products. Depending on the qualities of the pulp, different products are made. Mechanical pulps, which are low quality pulps, are suitable for low-quality paper, such as newspaper, catalogues, paper towels, tissues, and sanitary papers. High quality pulps from chemical pulping are used for printing and writing paper. Finally, the hybrid pulping processes give pulps with stiff fibres and are commonly used in corrugated board, roll cores, and containers.<ref name=":0" />

The resulting products from fractionation processes are commonly lignin or lignin derivatives.
===Post-treatment===
==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Reagent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Yield [%]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
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!
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|[[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
|[Country HQ location]
|[Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
|[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
|[4-9]
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|[Country HQ location]
|[(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
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===Fiberight===
===Valmet===
Valmet is a developer and supplier of process technologies, automation and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. The company has over 200 years of industrial history and was reborn through the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Group. Valmet offers tailored technology solutions for softwood and hardwood kraft pulp production, as well as various mechanical pulping technologies.
==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B91%5D=91&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Organosolv pulping)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=108&field_technology_area_target_id%5B97%5D=97&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Sulphate/Sulphite pulping)]
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
{{Infobox technology|Name=Pulping and fractionation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Other_processes_and_technologies|Other processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Woody biomass|Product=Pulp}} {{Infobox provider-pulping|Company=Valmet|Country=Finland|Technology name=Chemical and mechanical pulping|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|TRL=9|Technology category=Other processes|Feedstock=Hardwoods, softwoods, bamboo|Product=Pulp}}
<references />

Biocomposite processing

2022-05-30T12:10:38Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Zelfo Technology GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = biomass-based material (like wood, dust, agricultural wastes or sidestreams)
| Product = Biocomposite
|Name= Biocomposite processing|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
[[File:Compounding-en.png|thumb|Compounding process]]
[[File:Türinnenverkleidung Hanf-PP nova.jpg|thumb|Interior carpeting of a car's door made by a biocomposite of hemp fibres and polyethylene]]
<onlyinclude>In '''Biocomposite processing''' bio-based materials are processed to composite materials. Normally, these materials consist of a polymeric matrix that can be fossil- or bio-based. Bio-based materials fixed in this are for example wood dust, natural fibres, straws, rice husks, nutshells and others. Best-known biocomposites are Wood-Plastic-Composites (WPC) or Natural-fibre reinforced materials.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Biocomposite processing is a secondary process where a composite material is formed by a matrix (resin) and a reinforcement of natural fibers or filling with other biomass-based materials like wood dust, agricultural wastes or sidestreams from food processing like nutshells or rice husks. In principal, the matrix can be a bio-based or a petro-based resin, but normally polymers like polypropylene, polyethylene or epoxys are used as matrix material.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The retting process, carried out with warm inoculated water, has been evaluated as a potential method to modify the structure of fibers in order to prepare polymeric biocomposites.<ref>{{Cite web|Author=Sisti, Laura; Totaro, Grazia; Vannini, Micaela; Fabbri, Paola; Kalia, Susheel; Zatta, Alessandro; Celli, Annamaria|year=2016|title=Evaluation of the retting process as a pre-treatment of vegetable fibers for the preparation of high-performance polymer biocomposites|e-pub date=2016/03/01|date accessed=14/02/2022|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285782567_Evaluation_of_the_retting_process_as_a_pre-treatment_of_vegetable_fibers_for_the_preparation_of_high-performance_polymer_biocomposites}}</ref>

== Process and technologies ==
=== Types of biocomposites ===
There are several types of biocomposites on the market that normally have a fossil-based matrix with natural fibre reinforcement or wood filling. In principal also the matrix can be bio-based consisting of bio-based polymers like PLA, bio-PE, biogenic epoxis or PHAs.

=== Processing technologies ===
In the compounding process the matrix materials are melted and then mixed with fillers, plasticisers, additives and fibres to a homogeneous formulate that can be given into a screw extruder. This produces an extrudate that will be cooled down in a water bath and then cutted into composite granules. The granules can be used to produce several types of products e.g. by injection moulding or other material processing technologies.

== Product ==
Products of Biocomposite processing are different kinds of biocomposites.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Sizing|Cutting]]

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: Epoxys
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: PE
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: PP
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-biocomposite processing}}

=== Bio-Lutions ===

=== Zelfo Technology GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-biocomposite processing|Company=Zelfo Technology GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Grégoire de Vilmorin|Webpage=www.zelfo-technology.com|Technology name=Natural Fibre Engineering|TRL=9|Capacity=500 to 2000|Application fields=Moulded Fibre: Fibre Boards|Feedstock=Cellulosic (virgin or recycled) and ligno-cellulosic (agro-residues) sources|Product=Self-Binding fibres|Image=Logo_Zelfo_Technology.jpg}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B69%5D=69&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Logo Zelfo Technology.jpg

2022-05-30T12:06:58Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Uploaded a work by Zelfo Technology GmbH from Zelfo Technology GmbH with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
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|date=2011-01-01
|source=Zelfo Technology GmbH
|author=Zelfo Technology GmbH
|permission=
|other versions=
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Biocomposite processing

2022-05-30T11:58:31Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Zelfo Technology GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = biomass-based material (like wood, dust, agricultural wastes or sidestreams)
| Product = Biocomposite
|Name= Biocomposite processing|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
[[File:Compounding-en.png|thumb|Compounding process]]
[[File:Türinnenverkleidung Hanf-PP nova.jpg|thumb|Interior carpeting of a car's door made by a biocomposite of hemp fibres and polyethylene]]
<onlyinclude>In '''Biocomposite processing''' bio-based materials are processed to composite materials. Normally, these materials consist of a polymeric matrix that can be fossil- or bio-based. Bio-based materials fixed in this are for example wood dust, natural fibres, straws, rice husks, nutshells and others. Best-known biocomposites are Wood-Plastic-Composites (WPC) or Natural-fibre reinforced materials.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Biocomposite processing is a secondary process where a composite material is formed by a matrix (resin) and a reinforcement of natural fibers or filling with other biomass-based materials like wood dust, agricultural wastes or sidestreams from food processing like nutshells or rice husks. In principal, the matrix can be a bio-based or a petro-based resin, but normally polymers like polypropylene, polyethylene or epoxys are used as matrix material.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The retting process, carried out with warm inoculated water, has been evaluated as a potential method to modify the structure of fibers in order to prepare polymeric biocomposites.<ref>{{Cite web|Author=Sisti, Laura; Totaro, Grazia; Vannini, Micaela; Fabbri, Paola; Kalia, Susheel; Zatta, Alessandro; Celli, Annamaria|year=2016|title=Evaluation of the retting process as a pre-treatment of vegetable fibers for the preparation of high-performance polymer biocomposites|e-pub date=2016/03/01|date accessed=14/02/2022|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285782567_Evaluation_of_the_retting_process_as_a_pre-treatment_of_vegetable_fibers_for_the_preparation_of_high-performance_polymer_biocomposites}}</ref>

== Process and technologies ==
=== Types of biocomposites ===
There are several types of biocomposites on the market that normally have a fossil-based matrix with natural fibre reinforcement or wood filling. In principal also the matrix can be bio-based consisting of bio-based polymers like PLA, bio-PE, biogenic epoxis or PHAs.

=== Processing technologies ===
In the compounding process the matrix materials are melted and then mixed with fillers, plasticisers, additives and fibres to a homogeneous formulate that can be given into a screw extruder. This produces an extrudate that will be cooled down in a water bath and then cutted into composite granules. The granules can be used to produce several types of products e.g. by injection moulding or other material processing technologies.

== Product ==
Products of Biocomposite processing are different kinds of biocomposites.

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Sizing|Cutting]]

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: Epoxys
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: PE
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Matrix material: PP
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-biocomposite processing}}

=== Bio-Lutions ===

=== Zelfo Technology GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-biocomposite processing|Company=Zelfo Technology GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Grégoire de Vilmorin|Webpage=www.zelfo-technology.com|Technology name=Natural Fibre Engineering|TRL=9|Capacity=500 to 2000|Application fields=Moulded Fibre: Fibre Boards|Feedstock=Cellulosic (virgin or recycled) and ligno-cellulosic (agro-residues) sources|Product=Self-Binding fibres}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B69%5D=69&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

User:John Vos

2022-03-21T07:24:23Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: Created profile

[[File:John Vos.jpg|thumb|John Vos]]
John Vos graduated in Business Management at the University of Twente (The Netherlands). As senior consultant and EU Projects Manager he has more than 30 years of experience working in international consulting, networking, communication and information transfer projects. He has lived and worked in different countries and cultures around the globe.

Throughout his career he worked in the renewable energy and renewable carbon fields, primarily targeting bioenergy, biofuels and bio-based products. In the last 10 years or so John worked in many EU-funded projects. He is currently coordinator of two Horizon 2020 projects: Tech4Biowaste (funded through the public-private partnership BBI JU) and MUSIC. He is [[BTG Biomass Technology Group BV|BTG]]’s project manager in two other BBI JU projects: BIOSWITCH and Allthings.bioPRO.

In the context of BIOSWITCH he co-authored two articles, addressing brand owner and consumer perspectives of bio‐based products respectively.

File:John Vos.jpg

2022-03-21T07:23:35Z

Jurjen Spekreijse:

John Vos, BTG

Microwave treatment

2022-03-16T09:09:17Z

Jurjen Spekreijse: /* Feedstock */ expanded introduction.

User:Jurjen Spekreijse

2022-03-08T09:00:16Z

Jurjen Spekreijse:

[[File:Jurjen website.jpg|thumb|Dr. Jurjen Spekreijse]]
Dr. Jurjen Spekreijse is an expert on bio-based chemicals, materials and sustainability. He obtained his PhD in biobased chemistry at Wageningen University in the Netherlands on the topic of converting polyhydroxybutyrate to biobased drop-in chemicals. During his post-doc at Chalmers University in Gothenburg, Sweden, he studied the possibilities of bio-based metal-organic frameworks based on lignin derivatives.

Since 2017 Jurjen works at [[BTG Biomass Technology Group BV|Biomass Technology Group (BTG)]] in an interdisciplinary team on a wide variety of topics including finding biobased production alternatives for current fossil based chemicals, assessing existing and producing new LCA and sustainability studies, market studies and road maps for the European biobased economy. His topics of interest include biobased chemicals, materials, biofuels and bioenergy.

To get in contact with Jurjen you can send [[Mailto:office@btgworld.com|send an e-mail]] to BTG Biomass Technology Group.