Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Crystallisation and precipitation

2022-11-29T16:40:48Z

Freya Sautner: /* HUAMO Group */ added logo

{{Infobox technology|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Name=Crystallisation and precipitation|Feedstock=Solution with crystallisable ingredients}}
[[File:2021 Great Salt Lake 06.jpg|alt=Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA|thumb|Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA]]
<onlyinclude>'''Crystallisation''' is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."<ref>Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf</ref>

A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:NaCl octahedra and part of crystal.svg|alt=Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms|thumb|200x200px|NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

=== Pre-treatment ===

==Process and technologies==
Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== HUAMO Group ===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=HUAMO Group|Country=China|Contact=info@huaromembrane.com|Webpage=https://www.huamofilter.com/air_flotation_equipment/|Technology name=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Watery mix|Capacity=5.000, 10.000, 20.000, 30.000, 40.000, 50.000, 60.000, 80.000, 100.000, 150.000, 200.000, 250.000, 300.000, can also be designed according to user needs|Processable volume=4.000 – 8.000|Other=Detachable|Separation type=Precipitation|Reactor=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation equipment|Product=Sludge and liquid phase|Image=HUAMO Group logo.png}}
Founded 2007 in Shanghai, '''HUAMO group''' has been focused on R&D, manufacturing and marketing of Reverse Osmosis Membrane, Ultrafiltration Membrane, Stainless Steel Filter and other water treatment products. Thanks to its cooperation with US high-tech companies, HUAMO has developed and launched its ultra-low pressure series and brackish water series RO Membranes.

===TECHNOFORCETM===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|TRL=9|Technology name=Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation|Other=Inside a Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC), a shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell. The product flows through in a nearly plug flow manner under uniform and gentle agitation. Multiple heating/cooling sections provide controlled temperature gradients. Gentle agitation minimizes breakage of crystals. It can have several openings along its length for addition of seeds or anti-solvents.|Agitator=Shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell|Processable volume=Continuous|Reactor=Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC)|Product=Any application where close crystal size distribution is desired|Separation type=Crystallisation|Feedstock=Bulk drugs and intermediates, fine chemicals, inorganic and organic salts}}

'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B75%5D=75&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

File:HUAMO Group logo.png

2022-11-29T16:40:06Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by Huamo Group from https://www.huamofilter.com with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=HUAMO Group logo}}
|date=2007-09-12
|source=https://www.huamofilter.com
|author=Huamo Group
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Crystallisation and precipitation

2022-11-29T16:37:39Z

Freya Sautner: /* HUAMO Group */

{{Infobox technology|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Name=Crystallisation and precipitation|Feedstock=Solution with crystallisable ingredients}}
[[File:2021 Great Salt Lake 06.jpg|alt=Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA|thumb|Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA]]
<onlyinclude>'''Crystallisation''' is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."<ref>Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf</ref>

A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:NaCl octahedra and part of crystal.svg|alt=Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms|thumb|200x200px|NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

=== Pre-treatment ===

==Process and technologies==
Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== HUAMO Group ===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=HUAMO Group|Country=China|Contact=info@huaromembrane.com|Webpage=https://www.huamofilter.com/air_flotation_equipment/|Technology name=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Watery mix|Capacity=5.000, 10.000, 20.000, 30.000, 40.000, 50.000, 60.000, 80.000, 100.000, 150.000, 200.000, 250.000, 300.000, can also be designed according to user needs|Processable volume=4.000 – 8.000|Other=Detachable|Separation type=Precipitation|Reactor=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation equipment|Product=Sludge and liquid phase}}
Founded 2007 in Shanghai, '''HUAMO group''' has been focused on R&D, manufacturing and marketing of Reverse Osmosis Membrane, Ultrafiltration Membrane, Stainless Steel Filter and other water treatment products. Thanks to its cooperation with US high-tech companies, HUAMO has developed and launched its ultra-low pressure series and brackish water series RO Membranes.

===TECHNOFORCETM===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|TRL=9|Technology name=Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation|Other=Inside a Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC), a shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell. The product flows through in a nearly plug flow manner under uniform and gentle agitation. Multiple heating/cooling sections provide controlled temperature gradients. Gentle agitation minimizes breakage of crystals. It can have several openings along its length for addition of seeds or anti-solvents.|Agitator=Shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell|Processable volume=Continuous|Reactor=Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC)|Product=Any application where close crystal size distribution is desired|Separation type=Crystallisation|Feedstock=Bulk drugs and intermediates, fine chemicals, inorganic and organic salts}}

'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B75%5D=75&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Crystallisation and precipitation

2022-11-29T16:05:13Z

Freya Sautner: /* TECHNOFORCETM */

{{Infobox technology|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Name=Crystallisation and precipitation|Feedstock=Solution with crystallisable ingredients}}
[[File:2021 Great Salt Lake 06.jpg|alt=Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA|thumb|Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA]]
<onlyinclude>'''Crystallisation''' is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."<ref>Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf</ref>

A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:NaCl octahedra and part of crystal.svg|alt=Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms|thumb|200x200px|NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

=== Pre-treatment ===

==Process and technologies==
Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===TECHNOFORCETM===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|TRL=9|Technology name=Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation|Other=Inside a Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC), a shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell. The product flows through in a nearly plug flow manner under uniform and gentle agitation. Multiple heating/cooling sections provide controlled temperature gradients. Gentle agitation minimizes breakage of crystals. It can have several openings along its length for addition of seeds or anti-solvents.|Agitator=Shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell|Processable volume=Continuous|Reactor=Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC)|Product=Any application where close crystal size distribution is desired|Separation type=Crystallisation|Feedstock=Bulk drugs and intermediates, fine chemicals, inorganic and organic salts}}

'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B75%5D=75&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Crystallisation and precipitation

2022-11-29T15:55:58Z

Freya Sautner: /* Technoforce */ Added profile

{{Infobox technology|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Name=Crystallisation and precipitation|Feedstock=Solution with crystallisable ingredients}}
[[File:2021 Great Salt Lake 06.jpg|alt=Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA|thumb|Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA]]
<onlyinclude>'''Crystallisation''' is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."<ref>Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf</ref>

A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:NaCl octahedra and part of crystal.svg|alt=Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms|thumb|200x200px|NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

=== Pre-treatment ===

==Process and technologies==
Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===TECHNOFORCETM===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|TRL=9|Technology name=Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation}}

'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B75%5D=75&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Distillation

2022-11-29T15:31:58Z

Freya Sautner: /* TECHNOFORCETM */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Distillation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Process and technologies==
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
==Products==
With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===SULZER CHEMTECH===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases|Image=Sulzer logo.png}}
'''Sulzer Chemtech''' is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:

* Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
* Random packing
* Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
* Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
* Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)

=== TECHNOFORCETM ===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Technology name=Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Many, e. g. spent lube oil, natural waxes, fatty acids|Other=Enhanced vacuum can lower boiling point by 100 to 150°C;
Heating temperatures up to 400°C;
Pilot plants available in The Netherlands (Geleen) and India (Nashik)|Product=Many, e. g. omega-3 fatty acids and glycerides, fine chemicals, silicone oils, and higher alcohols, re-refined spent lube oil, purified natural waxes|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png}}
'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Distillation

2022-11-29T15:29:42Z

Freya Sautner: /* TECHNOFORCETM */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Distillation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Process and technologies==
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
==Products==
With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===SULZER CHEMTECH===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases|Image=Sulzer logo.png}}
'''Sulzer Chemtech''' is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:

* Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
* Random packing
* Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
* Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
* Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)

=== TECHNOFORCETM ===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Technology name=Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Many, e. g. spent lube oil, natural waxes, fatty acids|Other=Enhanced vacuum can lower boiling point by 100 to 150°C;
Heating temperatures up to 400°C;
Pilot plants available in The Netherlands (Geleen) and India (Nashik)|Product=Many, e. g. omega-3 fatty acids and glycerides, fine chemicals, silicone oils, and higher alcohols
re-refined spent lube oil, purified natural waxes|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png}}
'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:TECHNOFORCE logo.png

2022-11-29T15:29:16Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by TECHNOFORCE TM from https://www.technoforce.net with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=TECHNOFORCE TM logo}}
|date=2000-04-11
|source=https://www.technoforce.net
|author=TECHNOFORCE TM
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Distillation

2022-11-29T15:23:49Z

Freya Sautner: /* TECHNOFORCE */ added profile

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Distillation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Process and technologies==
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
==Products==
With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===SULZER CHEMTECH===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases|Image=Sulzer logo.png}}
'''Sulzer Chemtech''' is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:

* Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
* Random packing
* Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
* Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
* Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)

=== TECHNOFORCETM ===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Technology name=Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Many, e. g. spent lube oil, natural waxes, fatty acids|Other=Enhanced vacuum can lower boiling point by 100 to 150°C;
Heating temperatures up to 400°C;
Pilot plants available in The Netherlands (Geleen) and India (Nashik)|Product=Many, e. g. omega-3 fatty acids and glycerides, fine chemicals, silicone oils, and higher alcohols
re-refined spent lube oil, purified natural waxes}}
'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Distillation

2022-11-29T14:43:16Z

Freya Sautner: /* SULZER */ added logo

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Distillation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Process and technologies==
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
==Products==
With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===SULZER===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases|Image=Sulzer logo.png}}
'''Sulzer Chemtech''' is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:

* Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
* Random packing
* Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
* Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
* Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Sulzer logo.png

2022-11-29T14:42:29Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by Sulzer Ltd from https://www.sulzer.com/ with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Sulzer logo}}
|date=1996-05-22
|source=https://www.sulzer.com/
|author=Sulzer Ltd
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Distillation

2022-11-29T14:37:54Z

Freya Sautner: /* SULZER */ added company description

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Distillation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Process and technologies==
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
==Products==
With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===SULZER===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases}}
'''Sulzer Chemtech''' is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:

* Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
* Random packing
* Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
* Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
* Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Distillation

2022-11-29T14:36:22Z

Freya Sautner: /* Sulzer */ added profile

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Distillation}}
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Process and technologies==
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
==Products==
With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===SULZER===
{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases}}
describe the company, here is an example

''ABC was founded in 20... 12 by KNN and Syncom, in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.''

describe their technology, here is an example

''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.''

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T14:00:49Z

Freya Sautner: /* Dewlink */ added logo

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Dewlink ===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd.|Webpage=https://dewlink.com|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@dewlink.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Tubox® (Mixing tank with high speed mixing tube, creating a collision effect leading to faster flocculation) & Swingmill®|Feedstock=Sludge (Waste Activated Sludge, DAF Sludge, Chemical Sludge, Digested Sludge, Raw Sludge)|Product=Sludge / dewatered sludge and water|Agitator=High-speed mixing blade|Separation type=Flocculation|Image=Dewlink logo.png}}
Founded in Telford UK, '''DEWLINK SLUDGE TREATMENT LTD''' provides a simple and cost effective method of dewatering sludge and wastewater from many industrials.

The three main stages of sludge dewatering process (polymer dissolution, flocculation and dewatering) are indispensable.

We have used these processes as the main focus for our dewatering products. With our attention to details and the drive for perfection, we have developed a new system which is more efficient, stable, economical, intelligent, secure, convenient and environmentally friendly. This is a technical innovation in the solid-liquid separation industry and we believe this will change the pattern of the industry, promoting further development of technologies.

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=Mvest-Water-logo.png}}
'''M Vest Water''' is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Dewlink logo.png

2022-11-29T14:00:00Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd. from https://dewlink.com/ with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd. logo}}
|date=2017-04-18
|source=https://dewlink.com/
|author=Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd.
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T13:56:22Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Dewlink ===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd.|Webpage=https://dewlink.com|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@dewlink.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Tubox® (Mixing tank with high speed mixing tube, creating a collision effect leading to faster flocculation) & Swingmill®|Feedstock=Sludge (Waste Activated Sludge, DAF Sludge, Chemical Sludge, Digested Sludge, Raw Sludge)|Product=Sludge / dewatered sludge and water|Agitator=High-speed mixing blade|Separation type=Flocculation}}
Founded in Telford UK, '''DEWLINK SLUDGE TREATMENT LTD''' provides a simple and cost effective method of dewatering sludge and wastewater from many industrials.

The three main stages of sludge dewatering process (polymer dissolution, flocculation and dewatering) are indispensable.

We have used these processes as the main focus for our dewatering products. With our attention to details and the drive for perfection, we have developed a new system which is more efficient, stable, economical, intelligent, secure, convenient and environmentally friendly. This is a technical innovation in the solid-liquid separation industry and we believe this will change the pattern of the industry, promoting further development of technologies.

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=Mvest-Water-logo.png}}
'''M Vest Water''' is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T13:54:53Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */ added company description

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Dewlink ===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd.|Webpage=https://dewlink.com|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@dewlink.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Tubox® (Mixing tank with high speed mixing tube, creating a collision effect leading to faster flocculation) & Swingmill®|Feedstock=Sludge (Waste Activated Sludge, DAF Sludge, Chemical Sludge, Digested Sludge, Raw Sludge)|Product=Sludge / dewatered sludge and water|Agitator=High-speed mixing blade|Separation type=Flocculation}}
Founded in Telford U.K, '''DEWLINK SLUDGE TREATMENT LTD''' provides a simple and cost effective method of dewatering sludge and wastewater from many industrials.

The three main stages of sludge dewatering process (polymer dissolution, flocculation and dewatering) are indispensable.

We have used these processes as the main focus for our dewatering products. With our attention to details and the drive for perfection, we have developed a new system which is more efficient, stable, economical, intelligent, secure, convenient and environmentally friendly. This is a technical innovation in the solid-liquid separation industry and we believe this will change the pattern of the industry, promoting further development of technologies.

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=Mvest-Water-logo.png}}
'''M Vest Water''' is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T13:45:39Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */ added profile

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Dewlink ===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=Dewlink Sludge Treatment Ltd.|Webpage=https://dewlink.com|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@dewlink.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Tubox® (Mixing tank with high speed mixing tube, creating a collision effect leading to faster flocculation) & Swingmill®|Feedstock=Sludge (Waste Activated Sludge, DAF Sludge, Chemical Sludge, Digested Sludge, Raw Sludge)|Product=Sludge / dewatered sludge and water|Agitator=High-speed mixing blade|Separation type=Flocculation}}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=Mvest-Water-logo.png}}
'''M Vest Water''' is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T10:58:45Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=Mvest-Water-logo.png}}
'''M Vest Water''' is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T10:56:17Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=Mvest-Water-logo.png}}
M Vest Water is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

The development of NORWAFLOC® represents a significant step forward in our commitment to environmental responsibility, as most flocculants used today are synthetic, polyacrylamide-based chemicals that are not biodegradable and ultimately result in microplastics. Importantly, our nature-based polymer product is successfully meeting the market’s additional requirements of efficiency and cost-competitiveness. These benefits are making NORWAFLOC® attractive to companies in a wide array of industries and in many parts of the world.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T10:55:11Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=[[File:Mvest-Water-logo.png]]}}
M Vest Water is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

The development of NORWAFLOC® represents a significant step forward in our commitment to environmental responsibility, as most flocculants used today are synthetic, polyacrylamide-based chemicals that are not biodegradable and ultimately result in microplastics. Importantly, our nature-based polymer product is successfully meeting the market’s additional requirements of efficiency and cost-competitiveness. These benefits are making NORWAFLOC® attractive to companies in a wide array of industries and in many parts of the world.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T10:47:50Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */ added logo

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water|Image=[[File:Mvest-Water-logo.png|thumb|Logo of MVEST WATER]]}}
M Vest Water is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

The development of NORWAFLOC® represents a significant step forward in our commitment to environmental responsibility, as most flocculants used today are synthetic, polyacrylamide-based chemicals that are not biodegradable and ultimately result in microplastics. Importantly, our nature-based polymer product is successfully meeting the market’s additional requirements of efficiency and cost-competitiveness. These benefits are making NORWAFLOC® attractive to companies in a wide array of industries and in many parts of the world.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Mvest-Water-logo.png

2022-11-29T10:45:00Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by MVest Water from https://mvestwater.com/ with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Logo of MVEST WATER}}
|date=2015-04-22
|source=https://mvestwater.com/
|author=MVest Water
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T10:35:48Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */ added company description

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water}}
M Vest Water is a leader in the development of high performance and environmentally responsible “green” water and wastewater treatment products and processes. The company was incorporated in 2017 by Norwegian Water Technologies AS and M Vest Invest AS. We have a singular and clear-cut mission: to realize a zero-discharge future. With our disruptive technology, we are already making significant strides towards achieving this goal.

NORWAFLOC®, a natural polymer flocculant, is our flagship product. Its combination of both natural polysaccharide-based flocculants and a highly charged coagulant in a single product means that it can be applied in just one dosing step. The combination of a biodegradable, natural polymer with a highly charged coagulant leads to a completely natural product that achieves even better results compared to traditional synthetic polymers or other biopolymers.

The development of NORWAFLOC® represents a significant step forward in our commitment to environmental responsibility, as most flocculants used today are synthetic, polyacrylamide-based chemicals that are not biodegradable and ultimately result in microplastics. Importantly, our nature-based polymer product is successfully meeting the market’s additional requirements of efficiency and cost-competitiveness. These benefits are making NORWAFLOC® attractive to companies in a wide array of industries and in many parts of the world.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Flocculation

2022-11-29T10:32:56Z

Freya Sautner: /* MVest Water */ added company profile

{{Infobox technology|Name=Flocculation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Product=Solid phase (flocs) and liquid phase|Feedstock=Liquid phase with solid particles and, if applicable, flocculant}}
<onlyinclude>'''Flocculation''' refers to the "reversible aggregation of colloidal particles to larger particles that can be filtered"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones|year=2006|book_title=Chemie - einfach alles|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|ISBN=978-3-527-31579-6}}</ref> or separated by sedimentation. The IUPAC Gold Book uses coagulation and flocculation as synonyms of agglomeration and defines agglomeration as a "process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size."<ref>{{Cite web|Author=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)|title=IUPAC - agglomeration (except in polymer science) (A00182)|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00182|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

Flocculation can be purposefully induced by adding ''flocculants''. "Flocculants are agents that make fine and subfine solids or colloids suspended in the solution form large loose flocs through bridging, thus achieving solid-liquid separation."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shuying Wang, Jinyang Fu, Cong Zhang, Junsheng Yang|year=2021|section_title=Chapter 9 – Muck conditioning for EPB shield tunnelling and muck recycling – 9.3.1.5 Flocculants|book_title=Shield Tunnel Engineering : From Theory to Practice|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam, Netherlands|ISBN=9780128239926}}</ref> Cells, for example, can be aggregated by adding multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock would usually be the feed that shall be separated by flocculation and (if used) the chosen flocculant.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The flocculant can be stored in powder form or in a solution. "Most commercial flocculants are synthetic water soluble polymers with average molecular weights in the region 1000 to 30 × 106. They are generally supplied as powders that have a limited storage life, particularly when made up into solution."<ref>{{Cite book|author=E. S. Tarleton, R.J. Wakeman|year=2007|section_title=3 – Pretreatment of suspensions|book_title=Solid/liquid separation : equipment selection and process design|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|place=Oxford|ISBN=9781856174213}}</ref>

==Process and technologies==
The choice of the flocculant strongly depends on the desired outcome and the particles that shall be flocculated.

=== Flocculation of microalgae ===
[[File:Floculación.png|alt=Schematic graphic: Flocculation of microalgae|thumb|Flocculation of microalgae]]
For the flocculation of microalgae in wastewater, biopolymer flocculants can be used, as described in ''Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts'', 2017: "Polymer flocculants are polymers with charged functional groups. Polymer flocculants can induce flocculation by neutralizing the surface charge of particles or by forming bridges between individual particles. The functional groups should ideally be positively charged to allow for interactions with the negatively charged microalgal cells. Polymers are generally very effective at low dosages. In wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide-based flocculants are commonly used. Because they can contain potentially toxic acrylamide residues, flocculants based on natural biopolymers are preferred over synthetic polymers. An effective biopolymer flocculant for harvesting microalgae is chitosan, which is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. However, the cost of chitosan is relatively high due to its use in medical applications. Cheaper alternatives are cationic starch or tanfloc, which are, respectively, starch and tannins functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups."<ref>{{Cite book|author=K. Muylaert, L. Bastiaens, D. Vandamme, L. Gouveia|year=2017|section_title=5 – Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks – 5.3.5 Biopolymer flocculants|editor=Cristina Gonzalez-Fernandez, Raúl Muñoz|book_title=Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts : from feedstock cultivation to end-products|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|place=Kindlington, United Kingdom|ISBN=9780081010235}}</ref>

=== Exemplary applications ===

==== Improving fermentation feeds ====
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes can form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants usually work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.

==== Yeast flocculation ====
In the brewing industry flocculation is a very important process during the production of beer by fermentation where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top (ale fermentation) or the bottom (lager fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.

Yeast flocculation is primarily determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50–100 ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding phosphate to form insolubable calcium phosphate, adding excess sulfate to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding EDTA to chelate the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.

==Products==

=== Post-treatment ===
After the flocculation process, usually the flocs are separated from the liquid phase. This separation can simply be the sedimentation of the flocs, but they can also be separated by other techniques like [[sieving]], [[membrane filtration]], collection of the flocs at the top layer etc.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===MVest Water===
{{Infobox provider-flocculation|Company=MVest Water|Webpage=https://mvestwater.com|Contact=info@mvestwater.com|Country=Norway|Technology name=NORWAFLOC® (Natural & biodegradable flocculant/coagulant, combined into one product) / NORWAPOL (Polishing filtration process)|TRL=9|Feedstock=Wastewater from aquaculture, from fish slaughterhouse, sludge, wastewater from agriculture, from food & beverage industry|Separation type=Flocculation, filtration|Product=Potable water}}
The company description goes here.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B81%5D=81&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sizing

2022-11-15T15:09:57Z

Freya Sautner: /* WEIMA */ changed to alphabetical order

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
=== WEIMA ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sizing

2022-11-15T15:04:55Z

Freya Sautner: /* ANDRITZ */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== WEIMA ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

=== ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sizing

2022-11-15T15:00:13Z

Freya Sautner: /* ANDRITZ */ Added ANDRITZ profile

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== WEIMA ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

=== ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials|Feedstock=Various biomass materials|Product=Crushers and crushing stations for non-shredded and oversized materials (e.g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets); ATEX shredders for oversize materials}}

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-15T14:48:50Z

Freya Sautner: /* MOA foodtech */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
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!
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!
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!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients}}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://www.moafoodtech.com|Feedstock=Plant-based food waste and by-products from the food production|Product=Protein}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T14:24:23Z

Freya Sautner: /* Innovafeed */ added Innovafeed profile

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
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| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}

=== Beta Bugs ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}

=== Ecofly ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ecofly|Country=Austria|Contact=office@ecofly.at|Webpage=https://www.ecofly.at/en|Other=1 t/m2 per year|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Feedstock=Waste streams: Side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations|Product=Ecofly BSF Protein, BSF fertilizer, BSF oil, whole dried BSF larvae, BSF neonates (freshly hatched BSF larvae)|TRL=9}}

=== Innovafeed ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Innovafeed|Country=France|Webpage=https://innovafeed.com/en/|Contact=sales@innovafeed.com|TRL=9|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Insect fertilizer (frass), insect protein, insect oil, Hilucia Pet Prot – Innovafeed’s insect protein for pets, Hilucia Pet Oil – Innovafeed’s insect oil for pets|Technology name=Vertical insect farming|Farming area=25,000}}

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T13:48:25Z

Freya Sautner: /* Ecofly */ added Ecofly profile

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}

=== Beta Bugs ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}

=== Ecofly ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ecofly|Country=Austria|Contact=office@ecofly.at|Webpage=https://www.ecofly.at/en|Other=1 t/m2 per year|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Feedstock=Waste streams: Side products, which are authorized as feed stuff by EU regulations|Product=Ecofly BSF Protein, BSF fertilizer, BSF oil, whole dried BSF larvae, BSF neonates (freshly hatched BSF larvae)|TRL=9}}

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T13:31:03Z

Freya Sautner: Added Beta Bugs profile

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}

=== Beta Bugs ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Webpage=https://www.betabugs.uk|Company=Beta Bugs|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@betabugs.uk|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)|Product=Black Soldier Fly Breeds that improve your company's on-farm productivity}}

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T13:20:43Z

Freya Sautner: /* ALIA Insect Farm */ restructured providers according to alphabet

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}
Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Beta Bugs ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T12:54:34Z

Freya Sautner: /* ALIA Insect Farm */

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %|Other=Vertical farming|Technology name=Vertical insect farming}}

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}

Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Beta Bugs ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T12:51:48Z

Freya Sautner: /* ALIA Insect Farm */

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus; protein content: 67 %}}

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}

Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Beta Bugs ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T12:50:10Z

Freya Sautner: /* ALIA Insect Farm */

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus|Other=Protein content of cricket powder from Acheta domesticus: 67 %}}

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}

Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Beta Bugs ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Insect farming

2022-11-15T12:48:09Z

Freya Sautner: /* ALIA Insect Farm */ added profile

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Insect farming
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock = Food waste, garden & park waste
|Product = Insect protein, fertilizer, insects for biological pest control or crop pollination, silk, dyes, pharmceutical, ingredients for cosmetic and other uses
}}
[[File:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus - edible larvae of Red Palm weevil.jpg|alt=Picture showing edible grub on hand and in bowl, palm leaves in the background|thumb|Rhynchophorus ferrugineus – edible larvae of Red Palm Weevil]]

<onlyinclude>'''Insect farming''' involves breeding, rearing and harvesting insects for animal feed, human consumption, biological pest control, crop pollination, products like silk or dyes, pharmceutical, cosmetic and other uses. The diversity of insect species includes groups highly specialized in their ability to thrive on different organic substrates as food sources. Some of these substrates resemble [[food waste]]<nowiki/>s form agriculture and food processing industries. This is also referred to as '''insect-based bioconversion''' and represents an economically and environmentally viable method for turning large quantities of food waste into valuable materials.</onlyinclude>
[[File:Skewered locusts.jpg|alt=Picture showing skewered locusts on sticks on the street|thumb|Skewered locusts in Donghuamen, Beijing, China]]

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Insects can be fed a mix of by- and co-products from the agri-food industries and with resources which are currently not being used and not or no longer destined for human consumption, such as the so-called 'former foodstuff'. The by- and co-products may also include those derived from grains, starch, fruit and vegetable supply chains (e.g., bran, distillers grain, unsold fruit and vegetables, including peels) as well as products arising from food manufacturing processes. Highly cellulosic diets are possible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Crickets Are Not a Free Lunch: Protein Capture from Scalable Organic Side-Streams via High-Density Populations of Acheta domesticus|year=2015-04-15|author=Mark E. Lundy, Michael P. Parrella|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|page=e0118785|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118785}}</ref>

Vassileios Varelas describes the requirements of insect feed as follows: "In general, the major macronutrients required for insect mass production are (a) carbohydrates, which serve as an energy pool but are also required for configuration of chitin (exoskeleton of arthropods), (b) lipids (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic), which are the main structural components of the cell membrane, and also store and supply metabolic energy during periods of sustained demands and help conserve water in the arthropod cuticle, and (c) the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, lysine, arginine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which insects cannot synthesize, and tyrosine, proline, serine, cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, which insects can synthesize, but in insufficient quantities at high energy consumption. The essential micronutrients in insect rearing are (a) sterols, which insects cannot synthesize, (b) vitamins, and (c) minerals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review|year=2019-09-02|author=Varelas|journal=Fermentation|volume=5|issue=3|page=81|doi=10.3390/fermentation5030081}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The feedstock can be untreated by- or co-products from the agri-food industries or food wastes. Possible pre-treatments include, among others, pasteurisation, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic digestion]], addition of nutrients or dry yeast<ref name=":0" />, pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[drying]] and shredding. Microbial pre-[[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] can be used to stabilise the feedstock and increase food safety. It can also enhance the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients to the insect larvae as most nutrients present in agricultural residue or byproducts are found in insoluble form.<ref name=":1" /> Vassileios Varelas describes possible pre-treatments in relation to the texture of the feed and the feeding habits of the farmed insects: "Liquid diets can be used after encapsulation using different materials (paraffin, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene) to mimic artificial eggs, a treatment step needed for their containment and presentation, while liquids and slurries can be [[Drying|dried]] and concentrated so that [they] can be dissolved in water or mixed with other ingredients. Semi-liquids are used in pellet or extruded form which can be ingested by insects with biting mouthparts and also by insects with sucking mouthparts. Solids are presented as a feed mash with [[Sizing#Grinding|grinding]] and mixing of all raw materials, after pelleting of various raw materials or by extrusion. Solids can also be encapsulated with complex coacervation technology using proteins and polysaccharides."<ref name=":1" />

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
Insect-based bioconversion of [[Biowaste|organic waste]] is the controlled breakdown of an initial feedstock ([[Biowaste|organic waste]]) into insect biomass and frass (waste residuals), with the latter consisting of predominantly insect frass and to a lesser extent, shed exoskeletons, dead insect parts, and potentially uneaten feedstock. The process of insect-based bioconversion mirrors the natural breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., & Wu, T.Y.|year=2016|title=Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|page=262-278|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083}}</ref> In such systems, naturally ocurring insects, earthworms, a wide range of other invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria colonize and break down waste, converting the nutrients for their own metabolic and reproductive needs.

Under controlled conditions, the species responsible for the decomposition process can be regulated and the ambient conditions can be optimised to favour the growth and bioconversion by the given species. As species there is a already a range of insects in place: mealworms, black soldier flies, termites ....

== Products ==
Value may be produced at multiple steps in the bioconversion process. For instance, value can be gained from the elemination of the initial waste itself (disposal fees), sales of insect biomass for food and feed, sales of the living insects for various purposes, sales from fractionated secondary products (i.e., chitin, proteins, and lipids), and sales of the remaining bioconverted waste for soil amendments. Applications are very diverse, for example the use of the ''Tenebrio molitor'' mealworm to biodegrade polystyrene in the environment or the use of ''Lucilia sericata'' (common green bottlefly) as a biological indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI), in human pathology, while the allantoin secreted by ''Lucilia sericata'' larvae is used in the treatment of osteomyelitis.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Common post-treatments are the [[extraction]] of compounds, such as proteins or lipids, and the some treatments that can prolong shelf-life of the product. As post-treatments of edible insects, Vassileios Varelas mentions [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]], [[sizing]], roasting, [[drying]] and acidification: "Fermentation of the produced edible insect orders to increase the product’s shelf-life and minimize the microbial risks for the consumers associated with edible insect consumption. Successful acidification and effectiveness in product’s safeguarding shelf-life and safety was achieved by the control of Enterobacteria and bacterial spores after lactic fermentation of flour/water mixtures with 10% or 20% powdered roasted mealworm larvae. Techniques such as drying, acidifying, and lactic fermentation can preserve edible insects and insect products without the use of a refrigerator."<ref name=":1" />

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Farming area [m2/organism]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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|}

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=ALIA Insect Farm|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://aliainsectfarm.it|Contact=info@aliainsectfarm.it|Organism=Acheta domesticus|Product=Cricket powder from Acheta domesticus}}

=== Ynsect ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Ynsect|Webpage=https://www.ynsect.com|Country=France|Technology name=Ynsect|TRL=8-9|Contact=contact@ynsect.com|Technology category=Insect farming| Organism=Molitor Mealworm (''Tenebrio molitor''), Buffalo Mealworm (''Alphitobius diaperinus'')|Feedstock=Food waste, local agrifood by-products|Product=Insect based fertilizer, insect oil, insect protein}}

Ynsect was founded in 2011 in Paris, France by scientists and environmental activists. Their core business is to transform insects into high-value ingredients for pets, fish, plants, and humans. Ynsect uses proprietary technology to produce Molitor and Buffalo mealworms in vertical farms. Ynsect is currently building its third production unit, the largest vertical farm in the world, in Amiens, France and operates two sites in Dole, France (since 2016) and Ermelo, The Netherlands (since 2017). The vertical farm, which will be based in Amiens Metropole, will be the first and largest fully automated industrial unit which will produce insect proteins. It is co-financed by the European Comission and Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU) up to €20 millions. The production capacity is estimated to be 200.000 tonnes of protein per year<ref>Microsoft Word - Ynsect_Final_June2019_Updated.docx</ref>. The Protifarm<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Protifarm|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=20-9-2021|url=https://www.protifarm.com}}</ref> production site, situated in Ermerlo, The Netherlands, is dedicated to breeding the buffalo mealworm. This vertical farm produces more than 1000 tons of ingredients.

=== NextAlim ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=NextAlim|Webpage=https://www.nextalim.com|Country=France|Contact=info@nextalim.com|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity=2.4 tonnes of eggs per year|Product=BSF eggs, BSF neonates, BSF larvae}}

NextAlim was founded in 2014, and has expertise in Black Soldier Fly (BSF) genetics and BSF breeding operations. They specialize in neonates multiplication at an industrial scale. NextAlim provides actors of the insect protein industry with young animals, ready for rearing, such as eggs, neonates or 7 day old larvae (7DOL). Their industrial plant is located in Poitiers (France) where they develop, test and implement technology solutions to breed BSF.

=== Protix ===
{{Infobox provider-insect farming|Company=Protix|Image=Logo PROTIX.png|Webpage=https://protix.eu|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=sales@protix.eu|Technology category=Insect rearing|Organism=Black Soldier Fly (''Hermetia illucens'')|Capacity= |Product=Insect protein, insect oil, fertilizer, fish feed}}

Protix was founded 2009 and is market leader when it comes to verifiable and scalable insect breeding. The black soldier fly (''Hermetia illucens'') is a key player: their larvae provide us with a unique source of protein for food and feed. Protix established a high level of technology and operates on industrial scale. They have a strong focus on research and engineering to continuously further improve quality, controllability, efficiency and overall competitiveness. This project is financially supported by the European fund for regional development: OPZuid

=== Innovafeed ===

=== Hermetia ===

=== Insectum ===

=== Millibeter ===
Millibeter was partner in the EU-subsidised project InDIRECT. It is a producer of black soldier fly larvae

=== VITO ===
(EFRO Insect Pilot Plant)

=== Agronutris ===

=== ALIA Insect Farm ===

=== AMUSCA ===

=== Beta Bugs ===

=== Divaks ===

=== Ecofly ===

=== Feedect ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:17-11-09 PEFerence RGB.jpg

2022-10-17T12:22:08Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by nova-Institute GmbH from nova-Institute GmbH with UploadWizard

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Industrial fermentation

2022-10-17T12:16:44Z

Freya Sautner: Added MOA company profle

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===
Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Main Page

2022-05-25T14:43:23Z

Freya Sautner: /* Help, tutorials and manual */

[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|300px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;">
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;">
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION

This Wiki is about the Tech4Biowaste project to collect and showcase technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].

'''''Where we are''' 
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}
* '''At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies'''
* In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public

'''''Want to get involved?''' 
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer training sessions on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''

The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.
</div>
</div>

== Help, video tutorials and manual ==
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/7/70/22-02-03_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide].

In our tutorial videos, we show you:

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1578f41U_c Where to add your company technology profile]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnw3SM9UyZg How to add your company technology profile]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id9hZb0BAsw How to add your company logo]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29s52d4Km4U How to edit your data in the technology profile]

== Database content ==
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style). The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below. All pages are work in progress ...

=== Technologies ===
* [[Pre-processing]]
* [[Conversion]]
* [[Post-processing]]

=== Feedstocks ([[biowaste]]) ===
* [[Food waste]]
* [[Garden and park waste]]

=== Products ===
* [[Chemicals]]
* [[Energy and fuels]]
* [[Food ingredients]]
* [[Materials]]

== Glossary ==
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.

== Partner projects ==
* [[Pilots4U Database]]
* [https://renewable-carbon-community.com Renewable Carbon Community (RCC)]
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]

== Other interesting projects ==
* [[Other projects]]

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2022-05-25T14:22:20Z

Freya Sautner: /* Help, tutorials and manual */

[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|300px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;">
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;">
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION

This Wiki is about the Tech4Biowaste project to collect and showcase technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].

'''''Where we are''' 
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}
* '''At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies'''
* In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public

'''''Want to get involved?''' 
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer training sessions on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''

The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.
</div>
</div>

== Help, tutorials and manual ==
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/7/70/22-02-03_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide].

In our tutorial videos, we show you:

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1578f41U_c Where to add your company technology profile]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnw3SM9UyZg How to add your company technology profile]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id9hZb0BAsw How to add your company logo]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29s52d4Km4U How to edit your data in the technology profile]

== Database content ==
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style). The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below. All pages are work in progress ...

=== Technologies ===
* [[Pre-processing]]
* [[Conversion]]
* [[Post-processing]]

=== Feedstocks ([[biowaste]]) ===
* [[Food waste]]
* [[Garden and park waste]]

=== Products ===
* [[Chemicals]]
* [[Energy and fuels]]
* [[Food ingredients]]
* [[Materials]]

== Glossary ==
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.

== Partner projects ==
* [[Pilots4U Database]]
* [https://renewable-carbon-community.com Renewable Carbon Community (RCC)]
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]

== Other interesting projects ==
* [[Other projects]]

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2022-05-25T14:18:50Z

Freya Sautner: /* Help, tutorials and manual */ Tutorial video links 3 & 4

[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|300px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;">
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;">
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION

This Wiki is about the Tech4Biowaste project to collect and showcase technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].

'''''Where we are''' 
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}
* '''At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies'''
* In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public

'''''Want to get involved?''' 
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer training sessions on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''

The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.
</div>
</div>

== Help, tutorials and manual ==
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/7/70/22-02-03_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide].

In our tutorial videos, we show you:

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1578f41U_c Where to add your company technology profile]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnw3SM9UyZg How to add your company technology profile]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id9hZb0BAsw How to add your company logo]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29s52d4Km4U How to edit my data in the technology profile]

== Database content ==
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style). The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below. All pages are work in progress ...

=== Technologies ===
* [[Pre-processing]]
* [[Conversion]]
* [[Post-processing]]

=== Feedstocks ([[biowaste]]) ===
* [[Food waste]]
* [[Garden and park waste]]

=== Products ===
* [[Chemicals]]
* [[Energy and fuels]]
* [[Food ingredients]]
* [[Materials]]

== Glossary ==
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.

== Partner projects ==
* [[Pilots4U Database]]
* [https://renewable-carbon-community.com Renewable Carbon Community (RCC)]
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]

== Other interesting projects ==
* [[Other projects]]

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2022-05-25T14:17:30Z

Freya Sautner: Tutorial video links 1 & 2

[[File:21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png|center|300px|Tech4Biowaste project logo]]
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; padding:12px;">
<div style="background-color:#f4f5f6; border:1px solid #2e520b; font-size:95%; padding:0.5em 1em 1em 1em;">
'''TECH4BIOWASTE''' – A DYNAMIC DATABASE OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGIES OF BIO-WASTE UTILISATION

This Wiki is about the Tech4Biowaste project to collect and showcase technologies for the utilisation of bio-wastes. [[Tech4Biowaste:About|Find out more]].

'''''Where we are''' 
At this stage of the project, the Wiki is in preparation and will be opened in several steps:
* First, for a test panel of evaluators {{OK}}
* '''At the moment, for a community that can provide information on the aimed technologies'''
* In the last phase, it will be made available to the interested public

'''''Want to get involved?''' 
You can actively contribute to this database by implementing your technology and company profile as well as writing on the articles. If you are not familiar with working in Wiki-environments we will offer training sessions on a regular base.'' '''Please contact us under: mailto:info@tech4biowaste.eu'''

The database content will be determined jointly with actors across the bio-waste value chain. Technology searchers can analyse and compare bio-waste valorisation technologies.
</div>
</div>

== Help, tutorials and manual ==
For help and manuals see the [[:Category:Manual|manuals]] category and/or take a look into the [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/w/images/7/70/22-02-03_Tech4Biowaste_user-guide.pdf user guide].

In our tutorial videos, we show you:

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1578f41U_c Where to add your company technology profile]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnw3SM9UyZg How to add your company technology profile]

== Database content ==
[[File:21-09-23 Tech4Biowaste database structure.png|thumb|Visualisation of the overall database structure]]
The filling of the database is an ongoing process (wiki-style). The first focus is on the description and factsheets for the technologies of bio-waste conversion as listed below. All pages are work in progress ...

=== Technologies ===
* [[Pre-processing]]
* [[Conversion]]
* [[Post-processing]]

=== Feedstocks ([[biowaste]]) ===
* [[Food waste]]
* [[Garden and park waste]]

=== Products ===
* [[Chemicals]]
* [[Energy and fuels]]
* [[Food ingredients]]
* [[Materials]]

== Glossary ==
The [[glossary]] gives an overview on terms used in the area of biowaste utilisation and it only includes small paragraphs and definitions on the listed topics.

== Partner projects ==
* [[Pilots4U Database]]
* [https://renewable-carbon-community.com Renewable Carbon Community (RCC)]
* [[nova-Institut_für_politische_und_ökologische_Innovation_GmbH#Renewable_Carbon_Initiative_(RCI)|Renewable Carbon Initiative (RCI)]]

== Other interesting projects ==
* [[Other projects]]

__NOTOC__

Gas fermentation

2022-05-16T15:03:37Z

Freya Sautner: /* Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO2 or CH4) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO2, CH4, and H2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}

Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.

[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.

The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium}}

Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Gas fermentation

2022-05-16T14:23:16Z

Freya Sautner: /* Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO2 or CH4) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO2, CH4, and H2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
|-
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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|}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}

Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.

[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.

The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)|Country=Belgium|TRL=3-5|Pressure=bar|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe-Pilot_Plant.png}}{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium}}

Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

User talk:Freya Sautner

2022-03-17T14:27:37Z

Freya Sautner: Created page with "To get in contact with Freya you can use this talk page or send an email to [http://mailto:freya.sautner@nova-institut.de freya.sautner@nova-institut.de]."

To get in contact with Freya you can use this talk page or send an email to [http://mailto:freya.sautner@nova-institut.de freya.sautner@nova-institut.de].

User:Freya Sautner

2022-03-17T14:25:02Z

Freya Sautner: changed link

[[File:21 FreyaSautner 150x200.png|alt=Portrait of Freya Sautner, nova-Institute|left|frame|Freya Sautner, nova-Institute]]
'''Freya Sautner''' joined the nova-Institute in 2020. She is working in the communication department and has a scientific background in molecular and applied biotechnology. Freya is responsible for the dissemination and communication of several EU and BBI JU (now CBE JU) funded projects. She is also part of the nova press team. She is writing and editing press releases, social media posts and newsletter articles.

Fascinated by nature and technology, Freya studied biotechnology at the RWTH Aachen University. On her journey to an environmentally relevant job, she had to take some detours and therefore worked as a certified clinical research associate and as a research associate in plant-based food development before. She still practices biotechnology by making tempeh and (soy) yogurt at home.

To get in contact with Freya you can use the [[User talk:Freya Sautner|talk page]] or send an [mailto:freya.sautner@nova-institut.de e-mail].

User:Freya Sautner

2022-03-17T14:23:47Z

Freya Sautner: Added image and some details

[[File:21 FreyaSautner 150x200.png|alt=Portrait of Freya Sautner, nova-Institute|left|frame|Freya Sautner, nova-Institute]]
'''Freya Sautner''' joined the nova-Institute in 2020. She is working in the communication department and has a scientific background in molecular and applied biotechnology. Freya is responsible for the dissemination and communication of several EU and BBI JU (now CBE JU) funded projects. She is also part of the nova press team. She is writing and editing press releases, social media posts and newsletter articles.

Fascinated by nature and technology, Freya studied biotechnology at the RWTH Aachen University. On her journey to an environmentally relevant job, she had to take some detours and therefore worked as a certified clinical research associate and as a research associate in plant-based food development before. She still practices biotechnology by making tempeh and (soy) yogurt at home.

To get in contact with Freya you can use the [[User talk:Freya Sutner|talk page]] or send an [mailto:freya.sautner@nova-institut.de e-mail].

File:21 FreyaSautner 150x200.png

2022-03-17T14:18:54Z

Freya Sautner:

Portrait of Freya Sautner, nova-Institute

File:Flag yellow low.jpg

2022-03-09T14:16:20Z

Freya Sautner: Uploaded a work by EC from European Commission with UploadWizard

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