Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Industrial fermentation

2021-12-13T11:14:02Z

Elodie Vlaeminck:

{{Infobox technology}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed.

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic hydrolysis.

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, f.e. from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this first involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by f.e. centrifugation, filtration, evaporation or crystallization.

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== '''Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers''' ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broths cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product. BBEPP intends to close the gap in the innovation chain of the bio-based economy, bridging science and industrial production. It is located in Ghent, Belgium.

The activities of BBEPP can be categorized in:

• Development of bio-based and sustainable processes (TRL 2-4)

• Scale up (TRL 5-6)

• Pilot and demo production to allow market introduction (TRL 7-8)

BBEPP has more than 10 years of experience in optimizing, scaling and transferring your fermentation protocol from the lab to commercial production. We count on an entire team of well-trained and highly motivated fermentation experts both with academic and industrial backgrounds to take your process to the next level!

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Gas fermentation

2021-12-13T10:21:45Z

Elodie Vlaeminck:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=Conversion}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO2 or CH4) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO2, CH4, and H2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation}}
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the [https://biocon-co2.eu/ BIOCONCO2] project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the [https://biosfera-project.eu/ BIOSFERA] project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Gas fermentation

2021-12-03T10:02:33Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: /* Product */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=Conversion}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock like methane, CO or CO2, and together with hydrogen, are converted by a living organism to produce a specific product like ethanol or butanol. Gas fermentation requires organisms that are able to use these kind of feedstocks as main or single carbon source for their metabolism.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources are used as a feedstock. They can be sourced from the [[gasification]] of various organic materials (e.g., woody biomass, municipal solid waste, MSW), or directly be taken from a gas source like reformed [[Anaerobic digestion|biogas]], an [[industrial fermentation|fermentation]], an industrial point source or directly from the atmosphere via a carbon capture technology.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, H2, CO2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tar, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulfur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite , generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knallgas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knallgas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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|}
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation}}
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the [https://biocon-co2.eu/ BIOCONCO2] project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the [https://biosfera-project.eu/ BIOSFERA] project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Industrial fermentation

2021-12-03T10:00:28Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: /* Feedstock */

{{Infobox technology}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.

opties oneindig wat betreft feedstocks en producten, the most common are given below. engineering</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Lignocellulose and cellulose ===
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

=== Starch ===
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic hydrolysis.

=== Oils and Fat ===
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

=== Dairy waste ===
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

=== Sugars ===
Sugar-rich waste streams from f.e. candy industry, ....

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock, some pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms.

Most of the mentioned feedstocks provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), however, also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium should be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.

=> foto uploaden

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=> foto uploaden

=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Rangschikken volgens relevantie

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Simple Bio-products ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

*

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

=== Fine chemicals ===
Not straightforward. Might require some more engineering.

'''Flavors'''

* Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

==== Biocolorants ====

* nog toevoegen!!!

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B12
*Antibiotics: penecilin
*Hormones

==== Pesticides ====

'''Biosurfactants'''

'''Oils'''

* Single cell oil

==== Amino-acids ====

==== Chemical building blocks ====

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broths cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product. BBEPP intends to close the gap in the innovation chain of the bio-based economy, bridging science and industrial production. It is located in Ghent, Belgium.

The activities of BBEPP can be categorized in:

• Development of bio-based and sustainable processes (TRL 2-4)

• Scale up (TRL 5-6)

• Pilot and demo production to allow market introduction (TRL 7-8)

BBEPP has more than 10 years of experience in optimizing, scaling and transferring your fermentation protocol from the lab to commercial production. We count on an entire team of well-trained and highly motivated fermentation experts both with academic and industrial backgrounds to take your process to the next level!

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Gas fermentation

2021-12-03T09:40:11Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: /* Post-treatment */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=Conversion}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock like methane, CO or CO2, and together with hydrogen, are converted by a living organism to produce a specific product like ethanol or butanol. Gas fermentation requires organisms that are able to use these kind of feedstocks as main or single carbon source for their metabolism.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources are used as a feedstock. They can be sourced from the [[gasification]] of various organic materials (e.g., woody biomass, municipal solid waste, MSW), or directly be taken from a gas source like reformed [[Anaerobic digestion|biogas]], an [[industrial fermentation|fermentation]], an industrial point source or directly from the atmosphere via a carbon capture technology.

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, H2, CO2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tar, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulfur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite , generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knallgas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knallgas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process like Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ)

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation}}
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the [https://biocon-co2.eu/ BIOCONCO2] project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the [https://biosfera-project.eu/ BIOSFERA] project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Industrial fermentation

2021-12-03T07:43:00Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: /* Products */

{{Infobox technology}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Lignocellulose and cellulose ===
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

=== Starch ===
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic hydrolysis.

=== Oils and Fat ===
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. The can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

=== Dairy waste ===
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock, some pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms.

Most of the mentioned feedstocks provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), however, also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium should be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast and mold. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganisms

=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technoloiges are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bio-products ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

'''Flavors'''

* Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

==== Biocolorants ====

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B12
*Antibiotics: penecilin
*Hormones

==== Pesticides ====

'''Biosurfactants'''

'''Oils'''

* Single cell oil

==== Amino-acids ====

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broths cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc.

== Technology providers ==

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product. BBEPP intends to close the gap in the innovation chain of the bio-based economy, bridging science and industrial production. It is located in Ghent, Belgium.

The activities of BBEPP can be categorized in:

• Development of bio-based and sustainable processes (TRL 2-4)

• Scale up (TRL 5-6)

• Pilot and demo production to allow market introduction (TRL 7-8)

BBEPP has more than 10 years of experience in optimizing, scaling and transferring your fermentation protocol from the lab to commercial production. We count on an entire team of well-trained and highly motivated fermentation experts both with academic and industrial backgrounds to take your process to the next level!

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Industrial fermentation

2021-11-30T13:09:24Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: wrote feedstock section

{{Infobox technology}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Lignocellulose and cellulose ===
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

=== Starch ===
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic hydrolysis.

=== Oils and Fat ===
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. The can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

=== Dairy waste ===
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, typically contains 4% lactose, 1%

protein, 1% ash, and some lactic acid as shown in table 12. Whey is used as a source of

fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock, some pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms.

Most of the mentioned feedstocks provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), however, also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium should be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
In practice, well-known, productive and harmless production organisms are used that, equipped with the new genetic information, will produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. These are the so-called GRAS organisms (Generally Regarded As Safe) and belong to the genera ''Bacillus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces'', etc. A major advantage is that these genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganisms

Industrial production fermenters are mostly made of stainless steel, while labfermenters are made from glass.

=== Operating mode ===
Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==

=== Biomass ===
Single cell protein (SCP) can be used as food or feed.

=== Bio-products ===

==== Enzymes ====

==== Biopolymers ====

==== Biocolorants ====

==== Organic acids ====

* '''Lactic acid''' had widespread applications in a range of industries: cleaning agents, personal care, food preservative, medical use, etc. It is also the precursor for polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastic.

* '''Citric acid''' a food additive

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol

==== Vitamins ====

* Vitamin C

* Vitamin-B12

==== Antibiotics ====

Amino-acids

Several products possible, examples

* Speciality carbohydrates,
* Industrial enzymes
* surfactants
* organic acids
* solvents
* flavours and fragrances
* biostimulants
* polymers
* protein concentrates
* nutraceuticals
* advanced fuels

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broths cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc.

== Technology providers ==

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product. BBEPP intends to close the gap in the innovation chain of the bio-based economy, bridging science and industrial production. It is located in Ghent, Belgium.

The activities of BBEPP can be categorized in:

• Development of bio-based and sustainable processes (TRL 2-4)

• Scale up (TRL 5-6)

• Pilot and demo production to allow market introduction (TRL 7-8)

BBEPP has more than 10 years of experience in optimizing, scaling and transferring your fermentation protocol from the lab to commercial production. We count on an entire team of well-trained and highly motivated fermentation experts both with academic and industrial backgrounds to take your process to the next level!

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Industrial fermentation

2021-11-30T10:31:20Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: added post treatment, started on product section

Industrial fermentation

2021-09-24T09:02:35Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: Changed definition + Added content to process and technologies

<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
First generation feedstocks, such as: corn, wheat, sugarcane, potato, sugar beet, rice and plant oil.

Second generation feedstocks, such as: lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste.

Third generation feedstocks: gas fermentation

==Process and technologies==

=== Fermentation mode ===
Industrial fermentations may be carried out batchwise, as fed-batch operations, or as continuous cultures. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.

=== Types of fermentation<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=5 Main Types of Fermentations|e-pub date=30/08/2021|date accessed=30/08/2021|url=https://www.biologydiscussion.com/organism/metabolism-organism/5-main-types-of-fermentations/50854}}</ref> ===
# Alcoholic fermentation
# [[Lactic acid fermentation]]
# Propionic acid fermentation
# Butyric acid — butanol Fermentation
# Mixed acid fermentation.

==Products==
Several products possible, examples

* Speciality carbohydrates,
* Industrial enzymes
* surfactants
* organic acids
* solvents
* flavours and fragrances
* biostimulants
* polymers
* protein concentrates
* nutraceuticals
* advanced fuels

== Technology providers ==

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product. BBEPP intends to close the gap in the innovation chain of the bio-based economy, bridging science and industrial production. It is located in Ghent, Belgium.

The activities of BBEPP can be categorized in:

• Development of bio-based and sustainable processes (TRL 2-4)

• Scale up (TRL 5-6)

• Pilot and demo production to allow market introduction (TRL 7-8)

BBEPP has more than 10 years of experience in optimizing, scaling and transferring your fermentation protocol from the lab to commercial production. We count on an entire team of well-trained and highly motivated fermentation experts both with academic and industrial backgrounds to take your process to the next level!

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Gas fermentation

2021-09-24T08:18:55Z

Elodie Vlaeminck: Added content on Knallgas bacteria and safety in the 'Process and Technologies' section + Added BBEPP as Technology Provider

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = several
|Name=Gas fermentation}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses gaseous feedstock like methane, CO or CO2 together with hydrogen converted by a living organism to produce a specific product like ethanol, butanol or others. Gas fermentation is requires organisms that are able to use these kind of feedstock as main or single carbon source for their metabolism.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
For a gas fermentation gaseous carbon sources are used as a feedstock. They can be delivered from a [[gasification]] of biomass or other organic materials (e.g. municipal solid waste, MSW) or directly be taken from a gas source like a [[Anaerobic digestion|biogas production]], an [[industrial fermentation|fermentation]], an industrial point source or directly from the atmosphere via a carbon capture technology.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol and they are anaerobes so need to be used in an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Others acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knallgas bacteria, are able fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knallgas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

Depending on the gasified feedstock the syngas can have several impurities that lowers the productivity of the fermentation process or are toxic to the organisms. Even with gas-fermenting microorganisms' abilities to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, some impurities necessitate near complete removal in a gas treatment by cyclone separators and filters from an operational, biological and/or product specificity perspective.<ref name=":0" />

In the gas fermentation step by itself the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables are to account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g. on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

==Technology providers==

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
[http://www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/ Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP)] is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g. Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the [https://biocon-co2.eu/ BIOCONCO2] project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the [https://biosfera-project.eu/ BIOSFERA] project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnologica land intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified yet.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Secondary processing]]