Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Microwave treatment

2022-02-08T10:58:46Z

Benedicte Vermandele: /* Feedstock */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=Pre-processing}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment}}

=== Anton paar ===

=== Biotage ===

=== Cem GmbH ===

=== Milestone Srl ===

=== Sairem ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

Ultrasonication

2021-12-22T14:29:21Z

Benedicte Vermandele: /* Feedstock */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Biowaste]]
| Product = Biomass (dispersed, disrupted, emulsified, extracted, homogenised)
|Name=Ultrasonication}}
<onlyinclude>'''Ultrasonication''' is a physical treatment to disperse, disrupt, emulsify, extract, and/or homogenise biomass beside others via the application of ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz). The ultrasound-assisted approach is considered to be a novel and environmentally friendly green technique, giving a significant degree of intensification.

</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
The requirements on the origin and composition of the feedstock may vary since the ultrasonication can be utilised at various points in the value chain of biowaste valorisation.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
During the ultrasonication treatment ultrasound is transmitted through any physical medium by waves that compress and stretch the molecular spacing of the medium through which it passes<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hugo Miguel Santos, Carlos Lodeiro, and José-Luis Capelo-Martínez|year=2008|section_title=The Power of Ultrasound|editor=José-Luis Capelo-Martínez|book_title=Ultrasound in Chemistry: Analytical Applications|publisher=Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|ISBN=9783527319343|place=Weinheim, Germany}}</ref>. The distance between the molecules will vary as they oscillate about their mean position<ref name=":0" />. When the negative pressure is large enough, the distance between the molecules of the liquid exceeds the minimum molecular distance required to hold the liquid intact, and then the liquid breaks down and voids (cavitation bubbles) are created<ref name=":0" />. 

== Product ==
Ultrasonication can be used to produce:

* Biofuels
* Emulsions (such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanocrystals, liposomes, wax emulsions)
* Extracts from biomass (such as polysaccharides<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification|year=2017-09-01|journal=Food Research International|volume=99|page=1011–1020|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016}}</ref>, oil, anthocyanins and antioxidants<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of ultrasound frequency on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of red raspberry puree|year=2013-09-01|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=20|issue=5|page=1316–1323|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.01.020}}</ref>)
* Purified wastewater

Furthermore, ultrasonication is also utilised in following processes:

* Adhesive thinning
* Cells disruption
* Degassing liquids
* Polymer and epoxy processing
* Ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurisation of crude oil<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Study on ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization for crude oil|year=2020-05-01|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=63|page=104946|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104946}}</ref>

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [kHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication}}

=== Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]

Ultrasonication

2021-12-22T14:27:04Z

Benedicte Vermandele: /* Feedstock */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Biowaste]]
| Product = Biomass (dispersed, disrupted, emulsified, extracted, homogenised)
|Name=Ultrasonication}}
<onlyinclude>'''Ultrasonication''' is a physical treatment to disperse, disrupt, emulsify, extract, and/or homogenise biomass beside others via the application of ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz). The ultrasound-assisted approach is considered to be a novel and environmentally friendly green technique, giving a significant degree of intensification.

</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
The requirements on the origin and composition of the feedstock may vary since the ultrasonication can be utilised at various points in the value chain of biowaste valorisation.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
During the ultrasonication treatment ultrasound is transmitted through any physical medium by waves that compress and stretch the molecular spacing of the medium through which it passes<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hugo Miguel Santos, Carlos Lodeiro, and José-Luis Capelo-Martínez|year=2008|section_title=The Power of Ultrasound|editor=José-Luis Capelo-Martínez|book_title=Ultrasound in Chemistry: Analytical Applications|publisher=Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|ISBN=9783527319343|place=Weinheim, Germany}}</ref>. The distance between the molecules will vary as they oscillate about their mean position<ref name=":0" />. When the negative pressure is large enough, the distance between the molecules of the liquid exceeds the minimum molecular distance required to hold the liquid intact, and then the liquid breaks down and voids (cavitation bubbles) are created<ref name=":0" />. 

== Product ==
Ultrasonication can be used to produce:

* Biofuels
* Emulsions (such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanocrystals, liposomes, wax emulsions)
* Extracts from biomass (such as polysaccharides<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification|year=2017-09-01|journal=Food Research International|volume=99|page=1011–1020|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016}}</ref>, oil, anthocyanins and antioxidants<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of ultrasound frequency on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin content of red raspberry puree|year=2013-09-01|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=20|issue=5|page=1316–1323|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.01.020}}</ref>)
* Purified wastewater

Furthermore, ultrasonication is also utilised in following processes:

* Adhesive thinning
* Cells disruption
* Degassing liquids
* Polymer and epoxy processing
* Ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurisation of crude oil<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Study on ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization for crude oil|year=2020-05-01|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=63|page=104946|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104946}}</ref>

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [kHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-ultrasonication}}

=== Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]

Microwave treatment

2021-12-22T14:15:03Z

Benedicte Vermandele: /* Feedstock */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' treatment electromagnetic radiation is utilised to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. The technology is usually utilised in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biomass leading to the release of different substances (e.g. fermentable sugar).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Lignocellulosic biomass

=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemical treatments utilising chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin) and [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose) solutions, ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment}}

=== Anton paar ===

=== Biotage ===

=== Cem GmbH ===

=== Milestone Srl ===

=== Sairem ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

Sizing

2021-12-21T12:31:51Z

Benedicte Vermandele: /* Chipping */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=Pre-processing}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process to change the size of a material to use it in a conversion process. This normally means that a base feedstock with bigger parts is reduced to smaller pieces, which makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before further grinding the biomass into smaller particles.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping or grinding technologies:

=== Milling ===
Some interesting links:

https://books.google.be/books?id=S8iHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=milling+preprocessing&source=bl&ots=xNCh8umufx&sig=ACfU3U1n6Nybja0bjwhCbFMByRnEx5NFyA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1x6KE7vT0AhVtQEEAHRHYAjM4ChDoAXoECBUQAw#v=onepage&q=milling%20preprocessing&f=false

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29499610/

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01186

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912518300067

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01186

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, that slice bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping.

=== Grinding ===
For grinding normally a grinder is used that cracks bigger parts into smaller particles. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the grinding effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator.

=== Extrusion ===
Some interesting links:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035818120983

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781884207587500217

https://www.ift.org/news-and-publications/food-technology-magazine/issues/2017/july/columns/processing-extrusion-and-applications-in-food-industry

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can be directly used in a following process.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing}}

=== ANDRITZ ===

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
=== XYZ ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]

Sizing

2021-12-21T11:19:41Z

Benedicte Vermandele: /* Feedstock */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=Pre-processing}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process to change the size of a material to use it in a conversion process. This normally means that a base feedstock with bigger parts is reduced to smaller pieces, which makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before further grinding the biomass into smaller particles.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping or grinding technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, that slice bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping.

=== Grinding ===
For grinding normally a grinder is used that cracks bigger parts into smaller particles. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the grinding effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator.

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can be directly used in a following process.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing}}

=== ANDRITZ ===

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
=== XYZ ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]

Microwave treatment

2021-12-03T14:55:54Z

Benedicte Vermandele:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' treatment electromagnetic radiation is utilised to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. The technology is usually utilised in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biomass leading to the release of different substances (e.g. fermentable sugar).</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Lignocellulosic biomass

=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemical treatments utilising chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin) and [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose) solutions, ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment}}

=== Anton paar ===

=== Biotage ===

=== Cem GmbH ===

=== Milestone Srl ===

=== Sairem ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

Sizing

2021-12-03T12:43:03Z

Benedicte Vermandele:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =
|Name= Sizing}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process to change the size of a material to use it in a conversion process. This normally means that a base feedstock with bigger parts is reduced to smaller pieces. Sizing includes chipping and grinding as base technologies.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are devided into chipping or grinding technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, that slice bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cutted by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping.

=== Grinding ===
For grinding normally a grinder is used that cracks bigger parts into smaller particles. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the grinding effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator.

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can be directly used in a following process.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing}}

=== ANDRITZ ===

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
=== XYZ ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]