Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Membrane filtration

2022-12-13T15:31:25Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */ Hysytech srl

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = All materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = Separated products
|Name= Membrane filtration}}
<onlyinclude>'''Membrane filtration''' is a separation technology to remove substances from liquids and gases with the help of permeable membranes which are composed of fibrous or porous materials.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock ==
=== Origin and composition ===
[[File:Cross Flow.png|alt=A diagram showing Cross Flow Membrane Filtration schematically|thumb|Cross Flow Membrane Filtration]]
In membrane separation processes, the membrane acts as a selective barrier between two phases with the ability to facilitate or limit the transport of one or more components from one phase to another by the action of a driving force. This driving force can be pressure, concentration, electrical potential, or temperature gradient. The stream passing through the membrane is the permeate, whereas the stream containing the rejected components is the retentate. The most common applications in biotechnology are the separation of solid biomass from feedstocks, separation of production cells within a pre-treatment or a downstream process and separation of target dissolved substances from liquid streams.
=== Pre-treatment ===
For membrane filtration, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fractions within a process chain. Sometimes, it is combined with other separation technologies, such as [[centrifugation]].

==Process and technologies==
[[File:Filtration at bbepp.png|thumb|Filtration at BBEPP, Belgium|left]]Membrane separation processes differ based on driving force and size of the separated particles.

=== Different driving forces ===
Pressure driven processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Other driving forces such as electrical potential, concentration gradient or vapor/pressure gradient include electrolysis, dialysis, electrodialysis, gas separation, vapor permeation, pervaporation, membrane distillation, and membrane contactors. All processes except for pervaporation involve no phase change. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration is widely used in food and beverage processing, biotechnological applications and pharmaceutical industry, water purification and wastewater treatment, the microelectronics industry, and others. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are mainly used for water purification purposes.

=== Operation modes ===
[[File:NF solute transport.jpg|alt=Schematic graphic showing nanofiltration solute transport|thumb|Nanofiltration solute transport]]
[[File:NF exclusion mechanisms.jpg|alt=Schematic graphic showing nanofiltration exclusion mechanisms|thumb|Nanofiltration exclusion mechanisms]]Membrane filtration can be carried out by means of two operating modes: dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration.

==== Dead-end filtration ====
In dead-end filtration, the feed stream flows perpendicular to the membrane and is forced through the membrane. In consequence, the retained components accumulate on the membrane surface forming a cake layer, resulting in a decrease of the filtration rate due to the additional resistance to filtration of this cake layer. Dead-end operation mode is mostly employed in MF and is commonly used for separation of solid biomass from different feedstocks within pre-treatment processes.

==== Cross-flow filtration ====
In cross-flow filtration (CFF), the feed flows parallel to the membrane surface. The tangential flow allows the accumulated rejected solutes on the surface of the membrane to be entrained, limiting the thickness of the cake layer and helping to maintain the permeate flow. CFF is widely used for concentration, purification or fractionation of target compounds from liquid streams.

=== Membrane modules ===
The membrane module is also a key parameter in the performance of a membrane separation process. The modules are designed with the objective of increasing turbulence on the surface of the membrane to reduce the mass transfer resistance and the concentration effects. The most used modules are plate and frame, spiral, tubular and hollow fibres.

==Products==
The products of a membrane filtration are the compounds retained by the membrane and the permeate stream that can both be further processed.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the filtrate or retentate is depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Molecular cut-off [kDa]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
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| [[Membrane filtration#Filtertechnik%20J.C3.A4ger%20GmbH|Filtertechnik Jäger GmbH]]
| Germany
| Cross-flow filtration
|High-Flow Filtergehäuse CPB-12-60-DN250-316Ti-10
| 9
| 700000
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Membrane filtration#SiccaDania|SiccaDania]]
|Denmark
|Cross-flow filtration and reverse osmosis
|Membrane Filtration Systems
|9
|
|0.1-200
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}

=== ATB ===
{{Infobox provider-membrane filtration|Company=ATB|Country=Germany|Webpage=www.atb-potsdam.de|Feedstock=any kind of biomass|Product=organic acids}}

===Filtertechnik Jäger GmbH===
{{Infobox provider-membrane filtration|Company=Filtertechnik Jäger GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@filtertechnik-jaeger.de|Webpage=https://www.filtertechnik-jaeger.de|Technology name=High-Flow Filtergehäuse CPB-12-60-DN250-316Ti-10|TRL=9|Pressure=Up to 10|Temperature=Up to 100|Processable volume=Continuous: 1,187|Surface area=Up to 135|Capacity=Up to 700,000|Other=ATEX classicifcation: EX II GT3|Image=Filtertechnik-Jäger.png|Pore size=N-Series: 1-125|Filter material=PP, upon inquiry also PE|Feedstock=Wide range of suspensions (solids in liquids)|Product=Filtered liquid and/or separeted solids}}
Filtertechnik Jäger has been fully dedicated to filtration technology for 3 decades now. The company was founded in 1995 and is now a German family business with 25 employees. As a German manufacturer and competent partner to the industry, we serve our customers with high-quality and innovative products as well as valuable expertise and technically courteous service.

=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-membrane filtration|Company=Hysytech Srl|pH=7-14|Feedstock=High pH bioproduct solution|Other=2 step filtration: Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration|Temperature=up to 80|Surface area=10/10|Processable volume=250|Pressure=up to 8|Pore size=100|Molecular cut-off=down to 5|Country=Italy|Capacity=Not Provided|Hydrophobicity=Not Provided|Filter material=Ceramic/polymeric materials|Technology name=Membrane separation system|TRL=7|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Low pH bioproduct and lower water content}}

=== SiccaDania ===
{{Infobox provider-membrane filtration|Company=SiccaDania Group|Webpage=https://siccadania.com|Country=Denmark|Contact=info@siccadania.com|Technology name=Membrane Filtration Systems (Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration)|TRL=9|Molecular cut-off=0.1-200|Pore size=Up to 5|Filter material=Ceramic or polymeric (Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration), Polymeric (Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis)|Feedstock=Varios applications for dairy and food|Product=Various revovered products separated by their physicochemical properties|Image=SiccaDania.png}}
The company was founded in 2014 focussing on creating a worldwide company with offices in France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Singapore, China, Brazil and Canada. A wide product portfolio is offered including dryers, evaporators, fans & blowers, membrane filtration plants, mixers, powder handling machinery & separators, rotary vacuum filters, screw conveyors, as well as starch processing & recovery plants.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Membrane filtration: [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B89%5D=89&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

Particle filtration: [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B93%5D=93&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References and further readings ==
* [[:en:Membrane filtration|Membrane filtration]] in Wikipedia

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Hydrolysis

2022-12-13T15:25:47Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */ Hysytech Srl

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== '''Ammonia''' =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Hysytech Srl|Controlled parameters=pH and Temperature|Feedstock=Compost|Safety restrictions=None|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Reactor=Continuous reactor. Cone bottom.|Processable volume=400|Temperature=>60|Atmosphere=Environment|Country=Italy|Catalyst=Base|Capacity=1 m3/h|Agitator=None. Pump recirculation|TRL=7|Technology name=Compost hydrolysis|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; Simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Hydrolyzed product}}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Processable volume=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Controlled parameters=Pressure, Temperature, Time, Solvent concentration, Solvent to biomass ratio|Atmosphere=Saturated, at pressures up to 30 bar|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Reactor material=EN 1.4301|Agitator=Hydraulic augers|Temperature=≤ 230 °C|Catalyst=≤0.25 % sulfuric acid|TRL=6-7|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.

=== CropEnergies ===
Might be post-processing, they produce ethyl acetate from bio-ethanol, see also http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/18920/cropenergies-to-produce-renewable-ethyle-acetate)

=== NextChem ===

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Hydrothermal processing

2022-12-13T10:51:02Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */ TerraNova Energy GmbH

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Hydrothermal processing
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock =Feedstocks with high moisture content. [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]]
|Product =Bio-crude, syngas, hydrochar
}}

<onlyinclude>Hydrothermal processing, also known as Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU), is a thermochemical conversion process that is used to convert biomass into valuable products or biofuel. The process is usually performed in water at 250-374°C under pressures of 4-22 MPa. The biomass is degraded into small components in water. Based on the target products, which are bio-crude, syngas or hydrochar, the process conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure and residence time) are chosen. One of the most important advantages of hydrothermal processing is that it can use biomass with high moisture content withouth the need for pre-drying. Hydrothermal processing can be divided into three separate processes, depending on the severity of the operating conditions. These include hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), and hydrothermal gasification (HTG).</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Feedstocks with high moisture content are particularly suitable for hydrothermal processing and include feedstocks such as anaerobic digestion digestate, manures, sewage sludge, DDGS, food waste, municipal wastes, and aquatic biomass such as micro- and macroalgae. Hydrothermal processing routes can typically feed slurries up to 30 wt.% solids.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==

=== Process ===
A hydrothermal process is usually performed in water at 250-374°C under a pressure of 4-22 MPa. The process can also be carried out under self-generated pressure. The hydrothermal process is divided into two reaction conditions, namely subcritical and supercritical water conditions. These two conditions are determined by the critical point of water (i.e., 374°C and 22.1 MPa). Subcritical water is classified below the critical point at a 100-374°C temperature range and under sufficient pressure to remain liquid. Supercritical water occurs when the temperature is above 374°C and the pressure is above 22.1 MPa. The decomposition steps of biomass during the hydrothermal process can be summarized as follows: at approximately 100°C, the water-soluble portion of the biomass disperses into water, and hydrolysis takes place above 150°C. Meanwhile, biomass polymers (i.e., cellulose and hemicellulose) disintegrate into their monomeric chains. At approximately 300°C and 10 MPa, liquefaction occurs and bio-oil is obtained.

=== Technologies ===

* HTC occurs at temperatures between 180°C and 250°C and pressure of 2-4 MPa. This is the mildest of the three hydrothermal processing routes. The main product of HTC is solid hydrochar.

* HTL utilises subcritical water and occurs at temperatures between 250°C and 374°C and pressures up to 18 MPa. The main product of HTL is a liquid biocrude.

* HTG or supercritical water gasification (SCWG) occurs at temperatures above 374°C and higher pressures beyond 20 MPa. The main product of HTG is a syngas.

== Product ==
Depending on the technology, hydrochar, biocrude or syngas is produced. The produced gas is not the same as conventional syngas from [[gasification]], which is comprised of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Nevertheless, the gas is referred to as syngas but is typically high in either hydrogen or methane with carbon dioxide also present. The hydrochar can be utilised as fertilizers, adsorbents, and wastewater treatments. The intermediate biocrude can be further upgraded to liquid hydrocarbon fuels via catalytic hydrotreatment.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Gasifying agent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Char
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Oil
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Syngas
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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|}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|TRL=6-7|Gasifying agent=not relevant|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Pressure=Up to 30 bar|Temperature=Up to 230 °C|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.

=== Montinutra OY ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Montinutra Oy|Country=Finland|Contact=Jaakko Pajunen, Managing Director
Mobile: +358 44 34 35 162
Email: firstname.lastname(at)montinutra.com|Webpage=https://www.montinutra.com|Technology name=Hydrothermal processing, pressured hot water extraction|TRL=7|Capacity=1 metric ton per year|Feedstock=woody biomass, forest industry side stream, sawdust, spruce|Product=- SpruceSugar (a galactoglucomannan rich pressurised hot water extract);
- thermally treated wood for biocomposites, or furniture, or MDF;
- lignin extract
- other on demand|Gasifying agent=not relevant|Pressure=disclosed on demand|Reactor=not relevant|Temperature=150-200|Other=not relevant|Image=Montinutra_logo.jpg}}

Montinutra produces high value bioactive products from forest industry side streams. Our mission is to convert forest industry side streams into valuable ingredients for the cosmetics, food & beverage and chemical industries with our scalable technology. Montinutra has strong research and innovation background and a solid patent portfolio in key markets globally.

Roadmap: we are currently operating in pilot-scale. Our operation in Turku have capability and knowhow to extract high value bioactive compounds out of sawdust. Preparing to build industrial scale operation in 2023-2024 that will produce sustainable and ethical Sprucegum™ extract from sawdust. Sawmills produce millions of tons of sawdust and bark globally. Current commercial value of these side streams is low. Montinutra can add significant value by extracting high value bioactive compounds from those low value side streams. Sawdust and bark are usually incinerated in bio-power plants and the economic value add remains low, in addition to which the burning process causes greenhouse gas emissions.

=== SCF Technologies A/S ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=SCF Technologies A/S|Country=Denmark|Technology name=CatLiq|TRL=6-7|Product=Bio-oil|Feedstock=Wet biomass waste|Pressure=250|Temperature=>400|Technology category=Thermochemical processes|Capacity=15.000}}

=== '''TerraNova Energy GmbH''' ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrothermal processing|Company=Terranova Energy GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@terranova-energy.com|Technology name=TerraNova ultra|TRL=8-9|Pressure=20 - 35|Temperature=180 - 200|Reactor=Hydrothermal carbonization|Feedstock=Dewatered sewage sludge or shredded biowaste with a dry matter content of 5-30%|Product=biocoal; carbon-rich process water (by-product)|Webpage=https://www.terranova-energy.com/en/}}
TerraNova Energy is a pioneer in Hydrothermal Carbonization of sludge and biowaste. In 2010, TerraNova Energy constructed the first HTC demonstration plant in Europe, and subsequently, constructed the first commercial HTC plant worldwide in 2016. The advantage of the TerraNova ultra process is that it takes place in an aqueous environment, so that no drying of the input material is necessary. Furthermore, the TerraNova ultra units have a highly efficient recovery system, which minimizes the heat demand of the HTC process. The HTC coal contains hardly any water and, thanks to its high energy content, can be used for climate-friendly energy generation in coal-fired power plants or as a substitute for fossil fuels in cement plants or waste incineration plants.

=== Aarhus University ===

=== ENI S.p.A (W2F process) (Italy) ===

=== NextChem ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=109&field_technology_area_target_id%5B86%5D=86&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2022-12-11T10:45:13Z

Bas Davidis: /* Russell Finex Limited */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size|Image=LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=RETSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.retsch.com/|Technology name=RETSCH|TRL=9|Capacity=0.03 - 25|Pore size=10 um - 125 mm|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Sieve type=Vibratory, air jet, horizontal, tap|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
RETSCH GmbH was founded in 1915 by F. Kurt Retsch. A few years later he registered his first patent in grinding technology: a mortar grinder that became famous worldwide as the RETSCH mill. Today RETSCH is the leading solution provider for size reduction and particle sizing technology with subsidiaries in the US, China, Japan, India, South Africa, France, Italy, Russia, UK, and Thailand.

RESCH offers various vibratory sieve shakers (AS200, AS300, AS450) that vary in capacity and measuring range, as well as a horizontal sieve shaker (AS 400), a tap sieve shaker (AS200 tap) and an air jet sieving machine (AS 200 jet). All instruments can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9000 ff.

=== W.S. Tyler ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=W.S. Tyler|Country=U.S.|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://wstyler.com/|Technology name=RO-TAP|TRL=9|Pore size=20 um - 100 mm|Capacity=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Tap|Surface area=200 or 300 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
W.S. Tyler is a leader in fields ranging from particle analysis, industrial woven wire, and filtration to architectural mesh. The company was founded by Washington S. Tyler in 1872 and first went by the name of Cleveland Wire Works. In 1990, The Particle Analysis & Fine Screening Division was introduced as an independent profit center of W.S. Tyler. Shortly after, this product group formed a partnership with Haver & Boecker.

There are 3 different types of mechanical sieve shakers that W.S. Tyler offers. The RX-29/30 single stack tapping machines for 8 and 12-inch sieves, the RX-812 oscillating shaker, and the RX-94, a double stack tapping machine for 8-inch sieves. There are also three different types of electromagnetic sieve shakers, namely the E pure, E Premium and E Premium Remote sieves. Only the E Premium Remote offers the possibility for wet sieving.

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Sweco Europe S.A.|Country=Belgium|Webpage=http://sweco.com/|Contact=Not Provided|Technology name=ATLAS Gyratory Sifter|TRL=9|Capacity=Not Provided|Pore size=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Horizontal|Surface area=3 - 49|Feedstock=Inputs from industries including chemical, food, plastics, agriculture, and minerals|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
SWECO is a business unit of M-I L.L.C. and leading manufacturer of customized industrial separation equipment. SWECO has 9 manufacturing or service facilities and over 100 sales offices worldwide. Headquartered in Florence, USA, SWECO also maintains manufacturing or service facilities in Belgium, Scotland, Italy, India, China and Singapore, a joint venture in Mexico, and a licensee in Australia.

=== Russell Finex Limited ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Russel Finex N.V.|Country=Belgium|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.russelfinex.com|Technology name=The Finex Separator|TRL=9|Capacity=1360|Pore size=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Virbatory|Surface area=0.76 - 1.5|Feedstock=Inputs from food & beverage, chemicals|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
Established in 1934, Russel Finex has enjoyed 85 years of successful growth to become an international group employing over 250 employees. It is globally active in the field of fine mesh separation technology, designing and manufacturing vibratory sieves, separators, ultrasonic mesh deblending systems and liquid filters for use throughout the processing industries. Russel Finex has subsidiaries in the UK, USA, Belgium, India and China.
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2022-12-11T10:42:18Z

Bas Davidis: /* Sweco Europe S.A. */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size|Image=LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=RETSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.retsch.com/|Technology name=RETSCH|TRL=9|Capacity=0.03 - 25|Pore size=10 um - 125 mm|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Sieve type=Vibratory, air jet, horizontal, tap|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
RETSCH GmbH was founded in 1915 by F. Kurt Retsch. A few years later he registered his first patent in grinding technology: a mortar grinder that became famous worldwide as the RETSCH mill. Today RETSCH is the leading solution provider for size reduction and particle sizing technology with subsidiaries in the US, China, Japan, India, South Africa, France, Italy, Russia, UK, and Thailand.

RESCH offers various vibratory sieve shakers (AS200, AS300, AS450) that vary in capacity and measuring range, as well as a horizontal sieve shaker (AS 400), a tap sieve shaker (AS200 tap) and an air jet sieving machine (AS 200 jet). All instruments can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9000 ff.

=== W.S. Tyler ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=W.S. Tyler|Country=U.S.|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://wstyler.com/|Technology name=RO-TAP|TRL=9|Pore size=20 um - 100 mm|Capacity=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Tap|Surface area=200 or 300 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
W.S. Tyler is a leader in fields ranging from particle analysis, industrial woven wire, and filtration to architectural mesh. The company was founded by Washington S. Tyler in 1872 and first went by the name of Cleveland Wire Works. In 1990, The Particle Analysis & Fine Screening Division was introduced as an independent profit center of W.S. Tyler. Shortly after, this product group formed a partnership with Haver & Boecker.

There are 3 different types of mechanical sieve shakers that W.S. Tyler offers. The RX-29/30 single stack tapping machines for 8 and 12-inch sieves, the RX-812 oscillating shaker, and the RX-94, a double stack tapping machine for 8-inch sieves. There are also three different types of electromagnetic sieve shakers, namely the E pure, E Premium and E Premium Remote sieves. Only the E Premium Remote offers the possibility for wet sieving.

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Sweco Europe S.A.|Country=Belgium|Webpage=http://sweco.com/|Contact=Not Provided|Technology name=ATLAS Gyratory Sifter|TRL=9|Capacity=Not Provided|Pore size=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Horizontal|Surface area=3 - 49|Feedstock=Inputs from industries including chemical, food, plastics, agriculture, and minerals|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
SWECO is a business unit of M-I L.L.C. and leading manufacturer of customized industrial separation equipment. SWECO has 9 manufacturing or service facilities and over 100 sales offices worldwide. Headquartered in Florence, USA, SWECO also maintains manufacturing or service facilities in Belgium, Scotland, Italy, India, China and Singapore, a joint venture in Mexico, and a licensee in Australia.

=== Russell Finex Limited ===
https://www.russellfinex.com/en/separation-equipment/sieving-machines/

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2022-12-11T10:03:45Z

Bas Davidis: /* W.S. Tyler */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size|Image=LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=RETSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.retsch.com/|Technology name=RETSCH|TRL=9|Capacity=0.03 - 25|Pore size=10 um - 125 mm|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Sieve type=Vibratory, air jet, horizontal, tap|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
RETSCH GmbH was founded in 1915 by F. Kurt Retsch. A few years later he registered his first patent in grinding technology: a mortar grinder that became famous worldwide as the RETSCH mill. Today RETSCH is the leading solution provider for size reduction and particle sizing technology with subsidiaries in the US, China, Japan, India, South Africa, France, Italy, Russia, UK, and Thailand.

RESCH offers various vibratory sieve shakers (AS200, AS300, AS450) that vary in capacity and measuring range, as well as a horizontal sieve shaker (AS 400), a tap sieve shaker (AS200 tap) and an air jet sieving machine (AS 200 jet). All instruments can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9000 ff.

=== W.S. Tyler ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=W.S. Tyler|Country=U.S.|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://wstyler.com/|Technology name=RO-TAP|TRL=9|Pore size=20 um - 100 mm|Capacity=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Tap|Surface area=200 or 300 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
W.S. Tyler is a leader in fields ranging from particle analysis, industrial woven wire, and filtration to architectural mesh. The company was founded by Washington S. Tyler in 1872 and first went by the name of Cleveland Wire Works. In 1990, The Particle Analysis & Fine Screening Division was introduced as an independent profit center of W.S. Tyler. Shortly after, this product group formed a partnership with Haver & Boecker.

There are 3 different types of mechanical sieve shakers that W.S. Tyler offers. The RX-29/30 single stack tapping machines for 8 and 12-inch sieves, the RX-812 oscillating shaker, and the RX-94, a double stack tapping machine for 8-inch sieves. There are also three different types of electromagnetic sieve shakers, namely the E pure, E Premium and E Premium Remote sieves. Only the E Premium Remote offers the possibility for wet sieving.

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
=== Russell Finex Limited ===
https://www.russellfinex.com/en/separation-equipment/sieving-machines/

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2022-12-11T10:00:34Z

Bas Davidis: /* RETSCH GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size|Image=LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=RETSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.retsch.com/|Technology name=RETSCH|TRL=9|Capacity=0.03 - 25|Pore size=10 um - 125 mm|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Sieve type=Vibratory, air jet, horizontal, tap|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
RETSCH GmbH was founded in 1915 by F. Kurt Retsch. A few years later he registered his first patent in grinding technology: a mortar grinder that became famous worldwide as the RETSCH mill. Today RETSCH is the leading solution provider for size reduction and particle sizing technology with subsidiaries in the US, China, Japan, India, South Africa, France, Italy, Russia, UK, and Thailand.

RESCH offers various vibratory sieve shakers (AS200, AS300, AS450) that vary in capacity and measuring range, as well as a horizontal sieve shaker (AS 400), a tap sieve shaker (AS200 tap) and an air jet sieving machine (AS 200 jet). All instruments can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9000 ff.

=== W.S. Tyler ===
https://wstyler.com/particle-analysis/

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
=== Russell Finex Limited ===
https://www.russellfinex.com/en/separation-equipment/sieving-machines/

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2022-12-11T09:56:56Z

Bas Davidis: /* FRITSCH GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size|Image=LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
https://www.fritsch-international.com/sample-preparation/sieving/

=== W.S. Tyler ===
https://wstyler.com/particle-analysis/

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
=== Russell Finex Limited ===
https://www.russellfinex.com/en/separation-equipment/sieving-machines/

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg

2022-12-11T09:55:52Z

Bas Davidis: Uploaded own work with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=FRITSCH GmbH company logo}}
|date=2022-12-11
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Bas Davidis|Bas Davidis]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{self|cc-by-sa-4.0}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Sieving

2022-12-11T09:52:03Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */ FRITSCH GmbH

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
https://www.fritsch-international.com/sample-preparation/sieving/

=== W.S. Tyler ===
https://wstyler.com/particle-analysis/

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
=== Russell Finex Limited ===
https://www.russellfinex.com/en/separation-equipment/sieving-machines/

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2022-11-17T11:49:19Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */

Sieving

2022-11-15T15:44:16Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-14T12:59:35Z

Bas Davidis: /* Nosh.bio */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients}}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-14T12:34:48Z

Bas Davidis: /* Nosh.bio */ logo

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients}}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-14T10:07:48Z

Bas Davidis: /* Nosh.bio */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients}}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-14T10:07:07Z

Bas Davidis: /* Nosh.bio */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients}}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002)}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Nosh biofoods black (002).png

2022-11-14T10:04:46Z

Bas Davidis: Uploaded own work with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
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|description={{en|1=Logo of Nosh biofoods}}
|date=2022-11-14
|source={{own}}
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Template:Infobox provider-industrial fermentation

2022-11-14T10:00:23Z

Bas Davidis:

{| class="wikitable" width=750px style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Industrial fermentation provider
|- class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen"
|colspan=4 align=center style="border: 1px solid black;" |'''General information'''
|-class="cd-background-beige"
|-class="cd-background-beige"
| style="width: 10%"|Company:|| style="width: 50%" colspan="2" | {{{Company|}}}|| style="width: 40%" rowspan="4" align=center|{{#if: {{{Image|}}} | [[Image:{{{Image}}}|200x100px]]|[[Image:21-04-27_Tech4Biowaste_rect-p.png|200x100px]]}}
|- class="cd-background-beige"
| Country:|| colspan="2" | {{{Country|}}}
|- class="cd-background-beige"
| Contact:|| colspan="2"|{{{Contact|}}}
|- class="cd-background-beige"a
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| Webpage:|| colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| {{{Webpage|}}}
|- class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen"
|colspan=4 align=center style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;" |'''Technology and process details'''
|- class="cd-background-beige"
|Technology name: || {{{Technology name|}}}|| style="width: 10%" | Technology category: || style="width: 40%" | [[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])
|- class="cd-background-beige"
| TRL:|| {{{TRL|}}}|| Capacity:||{{{Capacity|}}} kg·h-1
|- class="cd-background-beige"
| Aeration:|| {{{Aeration|}}} || Agitator:|| {{{Agitator|}}}
|-class="cd-background-beige"
| Biosafety level:|| {{{Biosafety lavel|}}}|| Controlled parameters:|| {{{Controlled parameters|}}}
|- class="cd-background-beige"
|Microorganism:|| class="cd-background-beige" | {{{Microorganism|}}} || Reactor material:|| {{{Reactor material|}}}
|- class="cd-background-beige"
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| ||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| {{{|}}}||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| Other:||style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"| {{{Other|}}}
|- class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen"
|colspan=4 align=center style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;" |'''Feedstock and product details'''
|-class="cd-background-beige"
| Feedstock:|| {{{Feedstock|}}}|| Product:|| {{{Product|}}}
|}

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-14T09:53:06Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */ Nosh.bio

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients}}

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Torrefaction

2022-11-03T10:55:37Z

Bas Davidis: /* Perpetual Next (Torr-Coal) (NL) */

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Torrefaction
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock =[[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic biomass)
|Product =Bio-coal
}}

<onlyinclude>'''Torrefaction''' is a thermochemical treatment applied to upgrade lignocellulosic biomass into a solid bioenergy carrier (torrefied biomass) with superior properties in terms of logistics (handling, transport, and storage) and end use (combustion, [[gasification]], and chemical processing). The word "torrefaction" is derived from the French verb ''torrefier'', which means roasting (as in the roasting of coffee beans). As in most thermochemical treatments, torrefaction results in a combination of products, namely, solid torrefied biomass, condensable liquids, and permanent gases.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
In general, woody biomass and other lignocellulosic biomass are used for torrefaction. Heat transfer to the biomass lies at the heart of the torrefaction process as the temperature of the biomass must be increased sufficiently to allow the thermochemical degradation reactions to take place. In case biomass is not predried, moisture evaporation creates an additional heat demand. Since the heat requirement for drying is much larger than for torrefaction, and the heat used in drying the biomass cannot be readily recovered, applying dry torrefaction for upgrading biomass feedstock with high inherent moisture levels is typically less attractive. For this reason, moisture content of incoming biomass should normally not exceed 15%.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Drying]]

== Process and technologies ==

=== Torrefaction process ===
In torrefaction, the feedstock is subjected to thermal treatment at a relatively low temperature of 200°C-300°C in the absence or reduced oxygen level. Torrefaction could be wet or dry. During wet torrefaction, a hot compressed water is used in heating the biomass. During dry torrefaction, direct heating or hot inert gas (e.g. argon, helium and neon) is normally applied. The latter has been the most common practice for commercial purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adekunle A. Adeleke, Jamiu K. Odusote, Peter P. Ikubanni, Olumuyiwa A. Lasode, Madhurai Malathi, Dayanand Paswan|year=2020|title=Essential basics on biomass torrefaction, densification and utilization|journal=International Journal of Energy Research|volume=45|page=1375-1395|doi=10.1002/er.5884}}</ref>

During torrefaction, as the temperature of the biomass is increased, the evaporation of physically bound water starts as the temperature approaches 100°C. At more elevated temperatures above 160°C, the structural biopolymer constituents (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) within the biomass begin to degrade, forming gases and vapours. Hemicellulose typically decomposes at temperatures above 220°C, whereas cellulose starts to decompose at a higher temperature, typically above 300°C.

=== Torrefaction technologies ===

* Rotary drum reactor
* Screw reactor
* Multiple Hearth Furnaces (MHF)
* Torbed reactor
* Moving bed reactor
* Belt reacor
* Microwaves reactor

== Product ==
Torrefaction has been employed to improve on biomass properties, such as lower moisture content, higher energy density, improved hydrophobicity, and better grindability.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties of biomass before and after torrefaction
!Raw biomass
!Torrefied biomass
|-
|Higher moisture
|Lower moisture
|-
|Higher O/C and H/C ratios
|Lower O/C and H/C ratios
|-
|Lower heating value
|higher heating value
|-
|Hygroscopic
|Hydrophobic
|-
|Poor grindability
|Better grindability
|-
|Non uniform properties
|More uniform properties
|-
|Energy density: 1 MJ/kg
|Energy density: 1.28 MJ/kg
|}
Torrefaction process essentially aimed at making biomass suitable for subsequent processes such as [[pyrolysis]], [[hydrolysis]] and [[densification]]. Densification is one of the most prominent paths for processing torrefied biomass. Densification involves applying mechanical force on biomass to compact it into solid particles of uniform size such as pellets, briquettes and logs. Another area of application of torrefied biomass is in iron making. Biomass has the potential to cause reduction in fossil fuel usage in blast furnaces either as metallurgical coke production, iron ore agglomeration or pulverised coal in tuyere injection.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Heating
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Perpetual Next (Torr-Coal) (NL) ===
{{Infobox provider-torrefaction|Company=Torrcoal B.V.|Webpage=https://www.torrcoal.com|Country=Netherlands (Sittard-Geleen)|TRL=7-8|Technology name=Torr-coal|Capacity=4500 kg/h. 30.000 ton/y output|Reactor=Rotary drum|Temperature=280-310|Feedstock=Wood, agro-residuals and non-recyclable waste|Product=Bio-charcoal}}

=== BioEndev (SE) ===

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-torrefaction|Company=CENER|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://www.cener.com/en/areas/biomass-department/}}

=== Blackwood Technology (Former Topell Energy) ===
{{Infobox provider-torrefaction|Company=Blackwood Technology|Webpage=https://www.blackwood-technology.com|Country=Netherlands (Duiven)|TRL=8-9|Technology name=FlashTor torrefaction technology|Capacity=8000|Reactor=Toroidal fluidised bed reactor|Product=Bio-charcoal (Blackwood pellets)}}

=== Andritz/ECN (DK) ===

=== Thermya/Areva (FR) ===

=== River Basin Energy (NL) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-10-20T12:42:20Z

Bas Davidis: /* Cetaqua Galicia */ placed in alphabetical order + intro underneath infobox

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-09-08T10:48:37Z

Bas Davidis: /* Cetaqua Galicia */ Logo

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===
Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Anaerobic digestion

2022-08-02T08:02:13Z

Bas Davidis: Free text Biogas Plus and Planet biogas

{{Infobox technology|Name=Anaerobic digestion|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Biowaste]] in general, [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)|Product=Biogas and digestate}}
<onlyinclude>'''Anaerobic digestion''' is a process through which micro-organisms break down organic matter, such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, and food wastes, in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion intended for biogas production takes place in a sealed tank (called an anaerobic digester), which is designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes specific to the site and feedstock conditions. These sealed vessels contain complex microbial communities that break down the waste and produce biogas and digestate (i.e., the solid and liquid material end-products of the process). The biogas can be used as a source of energy. The remaining digestate can be used as a fertiliser, or it can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
=== Origin and composition ===
Multiple organic materials can be combined in one digester, a practice called co-digestion. Co-digested materials include, amongst others, manure, food waste, energy crops, crop residues, and fats, oils, and greases (FOG) from restaurant grease traps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Biomass is first separated from impurities as stones and glass. An agitator provides a good mixing between different biomass types to avoid strong changes in composition. The feed is a stirrable mixture and the dry matter content may be a maximum of 15-20% of the slurry. Co-substrates are often reduced in size by shredding before they are fed in order to make the contact surface of the biomass as large as possible.

For residual flows from the food industry, crop residues and manure, thermal and chemical pre-treatments are mainly applied. The most important effects of thermal pre-treatment are: reducing particle size, increasing solubility and improve the biodegradability. Additional advantages of thermal pre-treatment are: (1) higher loading of the digester is possible, (2) lower viscosity of the treated material which results in lower energy input for mixing the digester, (3) improved dewaterability of digestate and (4) sanitised product.

The following pre-treatments may be considered :

* [[Membrane filtration]]
*[[Sieving]]
* [[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* Thermal pre-treatment

== Process and technologies ==
=== Process ===
There are three basic anaerobic digestion processes, namely psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic, which take place over different temperature ranges. Psychrophilic digestion is a low temperature (<20°C) process. Mesophilic digestion takes place between 20 and 45°C, which can take a month or two to complete, and thermophilic digestion between 45 and 65°C, which is faster, but its micro-organisms are more sensitive. The majority of the agricultural biogas plants are operated at mesophilic temperatures. Thermophilic temperatures are applied mainly in large-scale centralised biogas plants with co-digestion<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Anaerobic digestion|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=6/9/2021|url=https://www.eubia.org/cms/wiki-biomass/anaerobic-digestion/}}</ref>. The process of anaerobic digestion takes place through four successive stages: hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Junye Wang|year=2014|title=Decentralized biogas technology of anaerobic digestion and farm ecosystem: opportunities and challenges|journal=Fronties in Energy Research|volume=2|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2014.00010}}</ref> In the hydrolysis step, the feedstock is broken down into soluble substrates (e.g., sugar and amino acids) by enzymes. Fermentation involves the conversion of sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids into ammonia, organic acids, hydrogen (H2) and CO2. In the acetogenesis step, volatile fatty acids are broken down into acetic acids, CO2 and H2. Finally, methanogenesis step converts acetate, formaldeyde, and H2 to CH4 and water<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jay N. Meegoda, Brian Li, Kush Patel, Lily B. Wang|year=2018|title=A review of the Processes, Parameters, and Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=15|page=|doi=10.3390/ijerph15102224}}</ref>.
[[File:Anaerobic stages.png|thumb|Simplified scheme of pathways in anaerobic digestion (not own work)]]

Usually, the produced biogas must be dried and drained for condense water and biological or chemical cleaned for H2S, NH3 and trace elements. Further upgrading of the biogas to increase the CH4 content could be realized by membrane separation of CO2 and pressurising the biogas.
== Product ==
Anaerobic digestion produces two valuable outputs, namely biogas and digestate. Biogas is composed of methane (CH4), which is the primary component of natural gas, at a relatively high percentage (50 to 75%), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water vapor, and trace amounts of other gases. The energy in biogas can be used like natural gas to provide heat, generate electricity, and power cooling systems. Biogas can also be purified by removing the inert or low-value constituents (CO2, water, H2S, etc.) to generate renewable natural gas (RNG). This can be sold and injected into the natural gas distribution system, compressed and used as vehicle fuel, or processed further to generate alternative transportation fuel or other advanced biochemicals and bioproducts.

The digestate can be used in many beneficial applications provided that is is appropriately treated post processing. This could be in form of animal bedding, nutreint-rich fertilizer, organic-rich compost, or as soil amendment.

=== Post-treatment ===
The remaining digestate can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: biogas
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Renewable natrual gas (RNG)
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#Biogas Plus|Biogas Plus]]
| The Netherlands
| -
| Compact Plus
| 9
| -
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#BioRenGaz|BioRenGaz]]
| France
| -
| Bioreactor
| 7
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Dranco|Dranco]]
|Belgium
|
|DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion
| -
|5000
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Planet Biogas|Planet Biogas]]
|Germany
| -
|PlanET
|9
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}
=== Biogas Plus ===
Biogas Plus is a turnkey supplier of biogas installations. This biogas installation produces biogas through the fermentation of organic (residual) flows, such as manure, unpacked food, sewage treatment sludge or other products. The biogas is then upgraded to renewable gas (green gas / biomethane / RNG) or to green electricity and heat. Biogas Plus offers a variety of installation sizes able to meet the needs of a mid-size farm up to large-scale units (between 50.000 and 300.000 tons of input per year).{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=Biogas Plus|Webpage=https://www.biogasplus.nl|Country=The Netherlands|Reactor=Complete mix digester|Capacity=18.000 tons (input), 320.000 Nm3 green gas/year (output).|Feedstock=Animal Manure|Product=Green gas|TRL=9|Technology name=Compact Plus}}

=== BioRenGaz ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=BioRenGaz|Country=France|Webpage=https://www.biorengaz.com/|Contact=contact@biorengaz.com|Image=BioRenGaz_icone.png|TRL=7|Technology name=Bioreactor}}

BioRenGaz has developed a new patented anaerobic digestion technology that is 4 times more efficient and much more compact than conventional biogas plants thanks to vertical silo design. The anaerobic filter uses a recycled and 100% renewable packing material to replace costly and polluting plastic packing. This medium provides an ecological habitat for the bacteria and enhances their performance. The solution is adapted for the treatment of liquid effluents and the great advantage, unlike other technologies, is that it can also valorize pulpy effluents like biowaste pulp. The bioreactors have lower operational costs and increased energy production by keeping the micro-organisms on the packing material, which allows producing 10% more biogas. The system is modular, so bioreactors can be built from a small scale and easily be expanded as needed. The Solution aims for the optimization of the economic and environmental model of energy and agronomic recovery of biowaste.

=== CCS ===
CCS Enegie-advies together with Greenmac developed the Bio-UP technology which is able to upgrade the produced biogas into green gas. CCS offers the Bio-UP technology via lease contracts or turn-key. The Bio-UP is a proven concept which already operates at "melkveeproefbedrijf De Marke".

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=DRANCO nv|Country=Belgium|Contact=Bruno Mattheeuws (bm@dranco.be)|Webpage=https://www.dranco.be|TRL=Successful Deployment|Technology name=DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion|Capacity=>5000|Feedstock=biowaste, SSO, MSW, residual waste, ...|Reactor=2500-5000m³|Image=Logo dranco.png|Product=Digestate and/or high quality compost + biogas}}
DRANCO nv has developed innovative and patented designs for biogas plants, with a pretreatment, digester concept and post-treatment adapted to each type of feedstock. Find out about our 30+ years of experience and our 35 references!

=== Envitec ===

=== Fiberight ===

=== Host ===

=== PlanET Biogas ===
PlanET anaerobic digestion (AD) plants can convert almost all biogenic waste materials into energy, such as slaughterhouse waste, fish processing residuals, animal carcasses, expired food or off-specification batches used in food production as well as agricultural residues, fats and oils. PlanET Biogas’ portfolio covers the whole range of biogas technology and utilization: feeding technology, safety technology, energy concepts, hygienisation, and gas upgrading. PlanET Biogas offers its technology turn-key and provides all after-sale services including biological assistance as well as service and maintenance for all technical equipment. PlanET Biogas has completed 600 AD plants worldwide, from 40 kW liquid manure systems to 3 MW waste to energy plants. {{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=PlanET Biogas Group GmbH|Webpage=https://www.planet-biogas.com|Country=Germany|Technology name=PlanET|TRL=9|Reactor=Complete mix digester (modular)|Feedstock=Animal manure, biogenic waste materials|Product=Green gas, heat & electricity}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]]
Here we make the link to the Europe-wide network & database of open access multipurpose pilot and demo infrastructures for the European bio-economy.

If you are looking for shared facilities that exist for the technology of anaerobic digestion, here is the link to the selection from the Pilots4U database : [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=101&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

User:Bas Davidis

2022-03-24T09:35:46Z

Bas Davidis:

[[File:Bas Davidis, Biomass Technology Group (BTG).png|thumb|right|Bas Davidis, Biomass Technology Group (BTG)]]Bas Davidis, MSc is an expert on bioenergy, biofuels, and biochemistry related topics. He obtained his master’s degree in molecular biology and Biotechnology at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. During his time at the University of Groningen he studied the possibility to use CRISPR Cas9 as a toolbox to express secondary metabolites in fungi, and performed a feasibility study on second-generation bioethanol production.

Since 2019, Bas works at [[BTG Biomass Technology Group BV|Biomass Technology Group (BTG)]] in an interdisciplinary team on a wide variety of topics including finding sustainable production alternatives for current fossil-based fuels, techno-economic assessments, technology feasibility and sustainability studies.

To get in contact with Bas you can use the [[talk page]] or send an e-mail to BTG Biomass Technology Group.

User:Bas Davidis

2022-03-24T09:34:50Z

Bas Davidis:

User:Bas Davidis

2022-03-24T09:31:47Z

Bas Davidis: Created page with "Bas Davidis, MSc is an expert on bioenergy, biofuels, and biochemistry related topics. He obtained his master’s degree in molecular biology and Biotechnology at the Universi..."

Bas Davidis, MSc is an expert on bioenergy, biofuels, and biochemistry related topics. He obtained his master’s degree in molecular biology and Biotechnology at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. During his time at the University of Groningen he studied the possibility to use CRISPR Cas9 as a toolbox to express secondary metabolites in fungi, and performed a feasibility study on second-generation bioethanol production.

Since 2019, Bas works at Biomass Technology Group (BTG) in an interdisciplinary team on a wide variety of topics including finding sustainable production alternatives for current fossil-based fuels, techno-economic assessments, technology feasibility and sustainability studies.

[[File:Bas Davidis, Biomass Technology Group (BTG).png|thumb|right|Bas Davidis, Biomass Technology Group (BTG)]]
To get in contact with Bas you can use the talk page or send an e-mail

File:Bas Davidis, Biomass Technology Group (BTG).png

2022-03-24T09:31:23Z

Bas Davidis:

Bas Davidis, Biomass Technology Group (BTG)

Coating and lamination

2022-02-09T10:37:32Z

Bas Davidis: /* Process and technologies */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials, such as polymers.

==== Bio-based polymers ====
Biopolymers are classified into different types based on their biological origin or from where they are obtained:

* Plant-produced biopolymers, which includes
** Polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, and alginates)
* Animal, insect, and microbial-produced biopolymers, which includes
**Proteins or polypeptides
** Lipids
**Chitin
**Collagen
* Bioderived polymers, which are polymers based on vegetable oil, cashew nut shell liquid, and tannic acid:
**Polyesters
**Polyurethane
**Epoxies

=== Pre-treatment ===
As most biopolymers can be used as binders in paint, the biopolymers must be mixed with the other three main ingredients, which are pigments, solvents, and additives.

== Process and technologies ==
Bioderived polymers, such as polymers based on vegetable oil, have versatility in structure and properties. In addition, their performance can be modified depending on requirements. This type of biopolymer is, therefore, more useful as a binder for surface coatings and paints. Polyesters are the most popular in waterborne binders for paints and coatings, and are commercially applied as biobased films for food packaging. PLA is of particular interest in food packaging, due to its excellent transparency and relatively good water resistance.

=== Application technologies ===
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
Depending on the type of coating and or application there are different types of processes:
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Physical vapor deposition
*Chemical and electrochemical techniques (e.g., Conversion coating, Ion beam mixing, and plating)
*Spraying
*Roll-to-roll coating processes (e.g., Roller coating, slot die coating, and extrusion coating)
*Physical coating processes (e.g., spin coating and dip coating)
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]Extrusion is the most established technique for applying paper coatings and practiced industrially due to several advantages such as, continuous processing, providing uniform coating, minimal chances of pinholes and cracks, and solvent-free application.

== Product ==
The product is a material surface/substrate with changed surface properties (e.g., increased barrier resistance) and/or enhanced aesthetics. Coatings based on polymers are used in several applications and industries, namely within aerospace, automotive, marine structures, biomedical devices, decorative stuff, energy items and packaging.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment have been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-09T10:27:39Z

Bas Davidis: /* Origin and composition */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials, such as polymers.

==== Bio-based polymers ====
Biopolymers are classified into different types based on their biological origin or from where they are obtained:

* Plant-produced biopolymers, which includes
** Polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, and alginates)
* Animal, insect, and microbial-produced biopolymers, which includes
**Proteins or polypeptides
** Lipids
**poly(lactic acid)
**Chitin
**Collagen
* Bioderived polymers, which are polymers based on vegetable oil, cashew nut shell liquid, and tannic acid:
**Polyesters
**Polyurethane
**Epoxies

=== Pre-treatment ===
As most biopolymers can be used as binders in paint, the biopolymers must be mixed with the other three main ingredients, which are pigments, solvents, and additives.

== Process and technologies ==
Bioderived polymers, such as polymers based on vegetable oil, have versatility in structure and properties. In addition, their performance can be modified depending on requirements. This type of biopolymer is, therefore, more useful as a binder for surface coatings and paints. Polyesters are the most popular in waterborne binders for paints and coatings.

=== Application technologies ===
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
Depending on the type of coating and or application there are different types of processes:
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Physical vapor deposition
*Chemical and electrochemical techniques (e.g., Conversion coating, Ion beam mixing, and plating)
*Spraying
*Roll-to-roll coating processes (e.g., Roller coating, slot die coating, and extrusion coating)
*Physical coating processes (e.g., spin coating and dip coating)
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]Extrusion is the most established technique for applying paper coatings and practiced industrially due to several advantages such as, continuous processing, providing uniform coating, minimal chances of pinholes and cracks, and solvent-free application.

== Product ==
The product is a material surface/substrate with changed surface properties (e.g., increased barrier resistance) and/or enhanced aesthetics. Coatings based on polymers are used in several applications and industries, namely within aerospace, automotive, marine structures, biomedical devices, decorative stuff, energy items and packaging.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment have been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Steam explosion

2022-02-09T10:26:17Z

Bas Davidis:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=Pre-treatment}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent: 1578609, 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===XYZ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion}}

===XYZ===
===XYZ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]

Steam explosion

2022-02-09T10:22:48Z

Bas Davidis:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Dismantled lignocellulosic biomass
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=Pre-treatment}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent: 1578609, 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===XYZ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion}}

===XYZ===
===XYZ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Primary processing]]
[[Category:Pre-Treatment]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-09T10:19:18Z

Bas Davidis: /* Pre-treatment */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils and polymers.

==== Bio-based polymers ====
Biopolymers are classified into different types based on their biological origin or from where they are obtained:

* Plant-produced biopolymers, which includes
** Polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, and alginates)
* Animal, insect, and microbial-produced biopolymers, which includes
**Proteins or polypeptides
** Lipids
**poly(lactic acid)
**Chitin
**Collagen
* Bioderived polymers, which are polymers based on vegetable oil, cashew nut shell liquid, and tannic acid:
**Polyesters
**Polyurethane
**Epoxies

=== Pre-treatment ===
As most biopolymers can be used as binders in paint, the biopolymers must be mixed with the other three main ingredients, which are pigments, solvents, and additives.

== Process and technologies ==
Bioderived polymers, such as polymers based on vegetable oil, have versatility in structure and properties. In addition, their performance can be modified depending on requirements. This type of biopolymer is, therefore, more useful as a binder for surface coatings and paints. Polyesters are the most popular in waterborne binders for paints and coatings.

=== Application technologies ===
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
Depending on the type of coating and or application there are different types of processes:
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Physical vapor deposition
*Chemical and electrochemical techniques (e.g., Conversion coating, Ion beam mixing, and plating)
*Spraying
*Roll-to-roll coating processes (e.g., Roller coating, slot die coating, and extrusion coating)
*Physical coating processes (e.g., spin coating and dip coating)
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]Extrusion is the most established technique for applying paper coatings and practiced industrially due to several advantages such as, continuous processing, providing uniform coating, minimal chances of pinholes and cracks, and solvent-free application.

== Product ==
The product is a material surface/substrate with changed surface properties (e.g., increased barrier resistance) and/or enhanced aesthetics. Coatings based on polymers are used in several applications and industries, namely within aerospace, automotive, marine structures, biomedical devices, decorative stuff, energy items and packaging.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment have been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-09T09:49:24Z

Bas Davidis:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils and polymers.

==== Bio-based polymers ====
Biopolymers are classified into different types based on their biological origin or from where they are obtained:

* Plant-produced biopolymers, which includes
** Polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, and alginates)
* Animal, insect, and microbial-produced biopolymers, which includes
**Proteins or polypeptides
** Lipids
**poly(lactic acid)
**Chitin
**Collagen
* Bioderived polymers, which are polymers based on vegetable oil, cashew nut shell liquid, and tannic acid:
**Polyesters
**Polyurethane
**Epoxies

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
Bioderived polymers, such as polymers based on vegetable oil, have versatility in structure and properties. In addition, their performance can be modified depending on requirements. This type of biopolymer is, therefore, more useful as a binder for surface coatings and paints. Polyesters are the most popular in waterborne binders for paints and coatings.

=== Application technologies ===
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
Depending on the type of coating and or application there are different types of processes:
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Physical vapor deposition
*Chemical and electrochemical techniques (e.g., Conversion coating, Ion beam mixing, and plating)
*Spraying
*Roll-to-roll coating processes (e.g., Roller coating, slot die coating, and extrusion coating)
*Physical coating processes (e.g., spin coating and dip coating)
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]Extrusion is the most established technique for applying paper coatings and practiced industrially due to several advantages such as, continuous processing, providing uniform coating, minimal chances of pinholes and cracks, and solvent-free application.

== Product ==
The product is a material surface/substrate with changed surface properties (e.g., increased barrier resistance) and/or enhanced aesthetics. Coatings based on polymers are used in several applications and industries, namely within aerospace, automotive, marine structures, biomedical devices, decorative stuff, energy items and packaging.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-07T16:08:51Z

Bas Davidis: /* Process and technologies */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils and polymers.

==== Bio-based polymers/epoxy resins ====
Bio-based polymers can be derived from biomass, from bio-derived monomers achieved by fermentation, or through polymer synthesis by micro-organisms. The following polymers are applied as coatings and/or lamination:
* Polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, and alginates)
* Proteins (e.g., casein, whey, collagen, soya, and gluten)
* Lipids (e.g., bees and carnauba wax, and free fatty acids)
* Polyesters (e.g., PHA and PLA)

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
=== Application technologies ===
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
Depending on the type of coating and or application there are different types of processes:
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Physical vapor deposition
*Chemical and electrochemical techniques (e.g., Conversion coating, Ion beam mixing, and plating)
*Spraying
*Roll-to-roll coating processes (e.g., Roller coating, slot die coating, and extrusion coating)
*Physical coating processes (e.g., spin coating and dip coating)
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]Extrusion is the most established technique for applying paper coatings and practiced industrially due to several advantages such as, continuous processing, providing uniform coating, minimal chances of pinholes and cracks, and solvent-free application.

== Product ==
The product is a material surface/substrate with changed surface properties (e.g., increased barrier resistance) and/or improved aesthetics. Coatings based on polymers are used in several applications and industries, namely within aerospace, automotive, marine structures, biomedical devices, decorative stuff, energy items and packaging.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-07T12:02:39Z

Bas Davidis: /* Types of coatings */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

==== Biobased polymers ====

* Polysaccharides (e.g., starch and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, and alginates)
* Proteins (e.g., casein, whey, collagen, soya, and gluten)
* Lipids (e.g., bees and carnauba wax, and free fatty acids)
* Polyesters (e.g., PHA and PLA)

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*Extrusion coating and lamination
*Dispersion coating
*Solvent coating

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material, such as paper, plastic and wood.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-07T09:59:10Z

Bas Davidis: /* Application technologies */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings, such as renewable polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) which are based on vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, castor, and linseed)
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials, which includes Bio-PE, PLE, and starch blends
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*Extrusion coating and lamination
*Dispersion coating
*Solvent coating

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material, such as paper, plastic and wood.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-07T09:55:09Z

Bas Davidis: /* Origin and composition */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings, such as renewable polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) which are based on vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, castor, and linseed)
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials, which includes Bio-PE, PLE, and starch blends
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*Extrusion coating and lamination

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material, such as paper, plastic and wood.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-07T09:32:35Z

Bas Davidis: /* Product */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material. The following compounds can be used for coating or lamination purposes:

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE
*PLE
*Starch blends

A careful selection of the appropriate material is always necessary. An overview of suitable materials for different property requirements is given below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Properties
!Bio-based (plastic) material
|-
|Flexibility and water barrier
|PE
|-
|Flexibility
|Starch blends
|-
|Transparency, stiffness, barrier properties
|PLA provided with SiOx barrier
|-
|Stiffness
|PLA, starch blend
|}

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T10:56:08Z

Bas Davidis: /* Product */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material. The following compounds can be used for coating or lamination purposes:

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T10:46:36Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

=== FKUR ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T10:45:42Z

Bas Davidis: /* Extrusion coating and lamination */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
[[File:Extrusion lamination.PNG|thumb|Extrusion lamination detail]]
[[File:Extrusion coating.PNG|thumb|Extrusion coating (or slot die coating) detail]]

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

File:Extrusion coating.PNG

2022-02-04T10:43:54Z

Bas Davidis: {{Information |Description=Extrusion coating |Source=Coating and laminating processes and techniques for textiles., Smart Textile Coatings and Laminates., Woodhead Publishing |Date=2019 |Author=E. Shim |other_versions= }}

== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=Extrusion coating
|Source=Coating and laminating processes and techniques for textiles., Smart Textile Coatings and Laminates., Woodhead Publishing
|Date=2019
|Author=E. Shim
|other_versions=
}}
== Licensing ==
{{Copyright}}

File:Extrusion lamination.PNG

2022-02-04T10:41:47Z

Bas Davidis: {{Information |Description=Extrusion lamination detail |Source=Blown Film, Cast Film, and Lamination Processes., Multilayer Flexible Packaging., William Andrew. |Date=2016 |Author=John R. Wagner Jr. |other_versions= }}

== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=Extrusion lamination detail
|Source=Blown Film, Cast Film, and Lamination Processes., Multilayer Flexible Packaging., William Andrew.
|Date=2016
|Author=John R. Wagner Jr.
|other_versions=
}}
== Licensing ==
{{Copyright}}

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T10:39:05Z

Bas Davidis:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Bio-based composite and laminate
|Name= Coating and lamination|Category=Material processes and technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T10:31:57Z

Bas Davidis: Intro

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Paints, plastics, ...
| Product = Coating
|Name= Coating and lamination}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous). In coating, material surfaces are combined with a thermoplastic layer to form a composite material which is bondend together. The purpose of applying the coating or lamination may be functional (e.g., improved strenght and stability), decorative (e.g., aesthetic), or both. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T10:11:09Z

Bas Davidis: /* Product */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Paints, plastics, ...
| Product = Coating
|Name= Coating and lamination}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. Lamination is a finishing process in which a plastic film from a roll is bonded to a substrate such as paper, cardboard or aluminum foil. To ensure good adhesion, the process is carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, both of which are applied via heated rollers (continuous) or presses (discountinuous).</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==

=== Extrusion coating and lamination ===

=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

* bio-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating
* Bio-PE

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T09:53:19Z

Bas Davidis: /* Centre technique du papier (CTP) */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Paints, plastics, ...
| Product = Coating
|Name= Coating and lamination}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of Coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

=== Bio4Pack (BBII-80 laminate) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Coating and lamination

2022-02-04T09:35:08Z

Bas Davidis: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Paints, plastics, ...
| Product = Coating
|Name= Coating and lamination}}
<onlyinclude>'''Coating and lamination''' are material technologies where a coating or laminate is placed on a material surface to cover this substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Coating and lamination are secondary processes where different kinds of coatings like paints or laminates are used. The coatings can be totally or partly derived from biogenic origin and may be based on biowaste resources.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==
=== Types of coatings ===
Coatings and laminates can be materials of different types depending on the purpose and application technology used. These can be:
* oils or oily liquid coatings
* paints, lacquers with solvents
* polymeric materials
* carbon black, metals, silicates and other anorganic materials

In the focus of this page are coatings and laminates that are derived from biogenic origin and can - at least in the future - be derived from biowaste. This includes mainly organic materials that contain oils, solvents and polymers.

=== Application technologies ===
Depending on the type of coating or laminate there are different types of application technologies:
*

== Product ==
Products of Coating and lamination processes are surfaces covered with a material.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Viscosity range [Pa·s]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-coating and lamination}}

=== Celloglas (Cellogreen laminate from cellulose diacetate) ===

=== Centre technique du papier (CTP) ===
Wet lamination of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B74%5D=74&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Secondary processing]]

Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)

2022-01-31T15:20:43Z

Bas Davidis: /* Thermal FFF (TF3) */

{{Infobox technology
| Technology = Field-Flow fractionation
| Feedstock = [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Biomass in different physicochemical fractions
|Name=Field-Flow fractionation|Category=Separation technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF)''' is a family of high resolution separation techniques especially applicable to macromolecules colloids and particles, and shares the most common likeness with liquid [[chromatography]] (LC). The mechanism for separation, however, does not involve interactions with a stationary phase used in LC methods. Instead, a field is applied normal to a laminar flow through a narrow channel, which reslts in a parabolic flow profile, separating different analytes into distinct regions of the velocity profile. The analytes can be fractionated according to their physicochemical properties such as charge, chemical composition, density, molar mass, and size. Beside analytical purposes the FFF can also be utilised for preparative purposes.
==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Suitable feedstocks are heterogeneous mixtures of different substances in form of dilute suspensions (solids in liquid). Depending on the applied process and technology solids can be usually separated between the nm-µm range. The FFF is usually applied to separate cells, different kind of nanoparticles, polymers, and proteins for analytical and preparative purposes.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* Mechanical separations
** [[Centrifugation]]
** [[Membrane filtration]]
** [[Particle classification, sieving]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

==Process and technologies==
Different variants of the FFF are available, which includes Asymmetric flow FFF (AF4), centrifugal FFF, electrical FFF (EFFF), split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT), and thermal FFF (TF3). Depending on the applied technology particles can be separated in dependence of different physicochemical properties.

===Asymmetric flow FFF (AF4)===
[[File:AFFFF channel.svg|thumb|Illustration of a separation channel for asymmetric flow field-flow-fractionation.]]
[[File:FFF Separation Mechanism.webm|thumb|Animation of the AF4 separation driven by particle diffusion in a parabolic flow profile. Particles colored in red are the smaller and particles colored in blue are the larger ones. The force applied on the top is the crossflow (indicated by the arrows on the bottom). The elution flow in longitudinal direction is shown with the flow arrows indicating the velocity profile.]]
The asymmetric flow FFF (AF4) is realised in a separation channel where a separation force is generated in the form of an asymmetric crossflow through a semipermeable membrane and frit. The introduction of the crossflow through the semipermeable membrane holds the macromolecules back, and consequently, they get pushed against the membrane. The macromolecules move back into the channel from the accumulation membrane due to Brownian motion or normal diffusion. Diffusion is a size-dependent phenomenon. Hence, small molecules get access to high flow velocity solvent streams situated closer to the center of the parabolic flow profile. Consequently, macromolecules elute in order of increasing size.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Robert I. MacCuspie|year=2018|section_title=Characterization of Nanomaterials for NanoEHS Studies|book_title=Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety|publisher=William Andrew}}</ref> AF4 can be coupled with downstream detectors to obtain complementary data, which includes UV-vis spectra from diode array detectors, refractive index measurements, multiangel light scattering, or inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS).<ref>{{Cite book|author=P. Senthil Kumar, K. Grace Pavithra, Mu. Naushad|year=2019|section_title=Characterization techniques for nanomaterials|book_title=Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Applications|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>

=== Centrifugal FFF ===
In centrifugal FFF the separation force is realised via an centrifugal field. Through the induced gravitational field larger particles accumulate at the channel bottom while smaller particles accumulate more at the upper part. The injected particles can be eluted through a parabolic flow-profile in combination with the reduction of the centrifugal field. Due to the large range of applicable centrifugal force the method has its advantage to separate a wide range of different sized particles (usually µm-nm range).

=== Electrical FFF (EFFF) ===
This technology combines the FFF with an electrical field as additional separation force. An electrical voltage is imposed between the top and bottom walls. Charged particles migrate toward either wall according to their electrophoretic mobility, which is determined by their sizes and charge densities, and undergo different flow velocity.<ref>{{Cite book|author=T. Okada|year=2007|section_title=Field Flow Fractionation: Electric Fields|book_title=Encyclopedia of Separation Science|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref> Besides the separation based on particle size this method adds the capability to separate particles/molecules in dependence of their charge. EFFF is well suited to the fractionation of proteins and measuring protein adsorption on to surfaces.<ref>{{Cite book|author=R. Hecker, H. Colfen|year=2000|section_title=PROTEINS/Field Flow Fractionation|book_title=Encyclopedia of Separation Science|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref>

=== Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT) ===
In Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT) earth's gravitational force is used to separate different sized particles (usually in µm-range). Usually the suspensions are introduced into the top of a separation channel while a carrier liquid is pumped into the channel from the bottom. The separation of different sized solids occurs along the channel induced by earth's gravity. Two outlets (one at the channel bottom, one at the channel top) at the end of the channel separates the particles into a larger and smaller fraction while the cut-off can be controllel via the channel flows.

=== Thermal FFF (TF3) ===
In Thermal FFF the separation force is established by applying a temperature gradient. The top wall of a Thermal FFF channel is heated up, while the bottom wall of the channel is cooled down. The higher the temperature difference between both plates of the separation channel, the higher is the separation force. In order to achieve optimum separation, the temperature difference across the elution time can be adjusted. TF3 is well suited to the separation of polymers and organic solvents.

==Products==
No products have been identified.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Concentration (max.) [mg/mL]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Separation range [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Separation according size
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Separation according charge
|-
! style="height:1.8em;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Field-Flow_fractionation_(FFF)#Company_1|Company 1]]
|Germany
|Cologne
|
|
|
|9
|0.00138
|100
|1-2
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
||[[Field-Flow_fractionation_(FFF)#Company_2|Company 2]]
|
|
|
|
|
|9
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5-100
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===Company 1===
{{Infobox provider-field-flow fractionation}}
Description of company 1

=== Postnova Analysics GmbH ===

===Wyatt Technology===
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Hybrid processing]]

Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)

2022-01-31T15:19:13Z

Bas Davidis: /* Process and technologies */

{{Infobox technology
| Technology = Field-Flow fractionation
| Feedstock = [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product = Biomass in different physicochemical fractions
|Name=Field-Flow fractionation|Category=Separation technologies}}
<onlyinclude>'''Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF)''' is a family of high resolution separation techniques especially applicable to macromolecules colloids and particles, and shares the most common likeness with liquid [[chromatography]] (LC). The mechanism for separation, however, does not involve interactions with a stationary phase used in LC methods. Instead, a field is applied normal to a laminar flow through a narrow channel, which reslts in a parabolic flow profile, separating different analytes into distinct regions of the velocity profile. The analytes can be fractionated according to their physicochemical properties such as charge, chemical composition, density, molar mass, and size. Beside analytical purposes the FFF can also be utilised for preparative purposes.
==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Suitable feedstocks are heterogeneous mixtures of different substances in form of dilute suspensions (solids in liquid). Depending on the applied process and technology solids can be usually separated between the nm-µm range. The FFF is usually applied to separate cells, different kind of nanoparticles, polymers, and proteins for analytical and preparative purposes.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* Mechanical separations
** [[Centrifugation]]
** [[Membrane filtration]]
** [[Particle classification, sieving]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]

==Process and technologies==
Different variants of the FFF are available, which includes Asymmetric flow FFF (AF4), centrifugal FFF, electrical FFF (EFFF), split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT), and thermal FFF (TF3). Depending on the applied technology particles can be separated in dependence of different physicochemical properties.

===Asymmetric flow FFF (AF4)===
[[File:AFFFF channel.svg|thumb|Illustration of a separation channel for asymmetric flow field-flow-fractionation.]]
[[File:FFF Separation Mechanism.webm|thumb|Animation of the AF4 separation driven by particle diffusion in a parabolic flow profile. Particles colored in red are the smaller and particles colored in blue are the larger ones. The force applied on the top is the crossflow (indicated by the arrows on the bottom). The elution flow in longitudinal direction is shown with the flow arrows indicating the velocity profile.]]
The asymmetric flow FFF (AF4) is realised in a separation channel where a separation force is generated in the form of an asymmetric crossflow through a semipermeable membrane and frit. The introduction of the crossflow through the semipermeable membrane holds the macromolecules back, and consequently, they get pushed against the membrane. The macromolecules move back into the channel from the accumulation membrane due to Brownian motion or normal diffusion. Diffusion is a size-dependent phenomenon. Hence, small molecules get access to high flow velocity solvent streams situated closer to the center of the parabolic flow profile. Consequently, macromolecules elute in order of increasing size.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Robert I. MacCuspie|year=2018|section_title=Characterization of Nanomaterials for NanoEHS Studies|book_title=Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety|publisher=William Andrew}}</ref> AF4 can be coupled with downstream detectors to obtain complementary data, which includes UV-vis spectra from diode array detectors, refractive index measurements, multiangel light scattering, or inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS).<ref>{{Cite book|author=P. Senthil Kumar, K. Grace Pavithra, Mu. Naushad|year=2019|section_title=Characterization techniques for nanomaterials|book_title=Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Applications|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>

=== Centrifugal FFF ===
In centrifugal FFF the separation force is realised via an centrifugal field. Through the induced gravitational field larger particles accumulate at the channel bottom while smaller particles accumulate more at the upper part. The injected particles can be eluted through a parabolic flow-profile in combination with the reduction of the centrifugal field. Due to the large range of applicable centrifugal force the method has its advantage to separate a wide range of different sized particles (usually µm-nm range).

=== Electrical FFF (EFFF) ===
This technology combines the FFF with an electrical field as additional separation force. An electrical voltage is imposed between the top and bottom walls. Charged particles migrate toward either wall according to their electrophoretic mobility, which is determined by their sizes and charge densities, and undergo different flow velocity.<ref>{{Cite book|author=T. Okada|year=2007|section_title=Field Flow Fractionation: Electric Fields|book_title=Encyclopedia of Separation Science|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref> Besides the separation based on particle size this method adds the capability to separate particles/molecules in dependence of their charge. EFFF is well suited to the fractionation of proteins and measuring protein adsorption on to surfaces.<ref>{{Cite book|author=R. Hecker, H. Colfen|year=2000|section_title=PROTEINS/Field Flow Fractionation|book_title=Encyclopedia of Separation Science|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref>

=== Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT) ===
In Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT) earth's gravitational force is used to separate different sized particles (usually in µm-range). Usually the suspensions are introduced into the top of a separation channel while a carrier liquid is pumped into the channel from the bottom. The separation of different sized solids occurs along the channel induced by earth's gravity. Two outlets (one at the channel bottom, one at the channel top) at the end of the channel separates the particles into a larger and smaller fraction while the cut-off can be controllel via the channel flows.

=== Thermal FFF (TF3) ===
In Thermal FFF the separation force is established by applying a temperature gradient. the top wall of a Thermal FFF channel is heated up, while the bottom wall of the channel is cooled down. The higher the temperature difference between both plates of the separation channel, the higher is the separation force. In order to achieve optimum separation, the temperature difference across the elution time can be adjusted. TF3 is well suited to the separation of polymers and organic solvents.

==Products==
No products have been identified.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Concentration (max.) [mg/mL]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Separation range [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Separation according size
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}" |Separation according charge
|-
! style="height:1.8em;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Field-Flow_fractionation_(FFF)#Company_1|Company 1]]
|Germany
|Cologne
|
|
|
|9
|0.00138
|100
|1-2
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
||[[Field-Flow_fractionation_(FFF)#Company_2|Company 2]]
|
|
|
|
|
|9
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5-100
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===Company 1===
{{Infobox provider-field-flow fractionation}}
Description of company 1

=== Postnova Analysics GmbH ===

===Wyatt Technology===
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Hybrid processing]]